Head And Neck Session 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What forms the primitive gut tube by the end of week 4?
A
Folding of the embryo
2
Q
Describe the embryonic face and neck at the beginning of week 4.
A
No distinguishing external features
Accounts for approx. 1/2 length of the embryo
3
Q
What forms a complex tissue system that involves the heart, great vessels, brain and special sensory organs?
A
Pharyngeal arches
4
Q
How many pharyngeal arches are there?
A
5
5
Q
What does each pharyngeal arch consist of?
A
Mesoderm core Ectoderm and endoderm covering Artery Nerve Cartilage bar
6
Q
What causes the frontonasal prominence to arise?
A
Swelling of the neural tube
7
Q
How are the pharyngeal arches numbered?
A
1-6
8
Q
How does the size of the pharyngeal arches change as you move from 1 through to 6?
A
Become progressively smaller
9
Q
Which areas of the brain are predominantly involved in the pharyngeal arches?
A
Midbrain
Hindbrain
10
Q
What are the 3 vesicle stages of neural tube development?
A
Prosencephalon = forebrain Mesencephalon = midbrain Rhombencephalon = hindbrain
11
Q
How can the cranial nerves be classified?
A
Function
Embryological origin
12
Q
Which cranial nerves are not derived from the mid- or hindbrain?
A
I and II (olfactory and optic)
13
Q
Which cranial nerves have mixed sensory and motor functions to supple the derivatives of the pharyngeal arches?
A
V-Trigeminal
VII-facial
IX-glossopharyngeal
X-vagus
14
Q
Which cranial nerves are involved in the development of the pharynx and tongue?
A
XI-accessory
XII-hypoglossal
15
Q
Where does the facial skeleton derive from?
A
PA1 and frontonasal prominence
16
Q
Where do the muscles of mastication arise from?
A
PA1
17
Q
What innervation does cranial nerve V, the Trigeminal nerve, provide?
A
Sensory: skin of face, lining of mouth and nose
Motor: muscles of mastication and muscles derived from mandibular process
18
Q
What does PA1 divide into?
A
Maxillary and mandibular processes
19
Q
What is Meckel’s cartilage?
A
Prominent ossified cartilage of mandibular prominence of PA1 that forms template of mandible
20
Q
What process allows formation of the mandible from Meckel’s cartilage?
A
Membranous ossification
21
Q
What happens to the aortic arch of PA1?
A
Disappears
22
Q
What happens to the aortic arch of PA2?
A
Disappears
23
Q
Where do the muscles of facial expression derive from?
A
PA2
24
Q
Which cranial nerve is associated with PA2?
A
VII-facial nerve
25
Which cranial nerve is associated with PA1?
V-Trigeminal
26
What structures does the facial nerve pass through?
Stylomastoid foramen
| Parotid gland
27
What function does the facial nerve have?
Motor: muscles of facial expression
Sensory: taste buds in anterior 2/3 of tongue
28
Which PA is associated with Reichert's cartilage?
2
29
What does Reichert's cartilage develop into?
Middle ear development --> stapes
| Styloid process, lesser cornu and upper body of hyoid bone
30
Which muscles derives from PA3?
Stylopharyngeus
31
Which cranial nerve derives from PA3?
IX-glossopharyngeal nerve
32
What function does the glossopharyngeal nerve have?
Motor: stylopharyngeus
Sensory: general and special innervation to posterior 1/3 of tongue and pharynx
33
What does the cartilage of PA3 form?
Remainder of hyoid bone
34
What happens to the aortic arch of PA3?
Forms internal carotid
35
Which muscles derive from PA4?
Cricothyroid
Levator palatini
Constrictors of pharynx
36
Which cranial nerve is associated with PA4?
X-Vagus nerve
37
What is the 4th arch branch of the vagus nerve?
Superior laryngeal nerve-supplies cricothyroid and pharynx constrictors
38
What happens to the aortic arch of PA4?
Forms arch of aorta on the L
| Forms brachiocephalic artery on R
39
What does the mesenchyme of PA4 become?
Epiglottis
40
Where do the cartilages of the larynx derive from?
Cartilage bars of PA4
41
What are the three cartilages of the larynx?
Thyroid
Arytenoid
Cricoid
42
Where do the intrinsic muscles of the larynx derive from?
PA6
43
What happens to the aortic arch of PA6?
Forms pulmonary arch
44
Which cranial nerve is associated with PA6?
X-vagus
45
What is the 6th arch branch of the vagus nerve?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve supplying intrinsic muscles of the larynx
46
What does the mesenchyme of PA6 form?
Epiglottis
47
What do the cartilage bars of PA6 form?
Thyroid
Arytenoid
Cricoid cartilages
48
What does the size of cartilage bar associated with a PA depend on?
Size of PA itself
49
What do the cartilage bars of each PA derive from?
Neural crest cells
50
What lies in the floor of the primitive pharynx?
Aortic sac
| Mesenchyme of 4th and 6th PA
51
What forms the palatine tonsil?
Epithelial proliferation followed by lymphoid precursor colonisation of 2nd pharyngeal pouch
52
Where do the parathyroid glands derive from?
Dorsal aspect of 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches (3rd inferior and 4th superior)
53
Where does the thymus derive from?
Ventral aspect of the 3rd and 4th pouches (2 lobes migrate)
54
What forms the ossicles of the middle ear?
Cartilage bar derivatives from PA1&2
55
What forms the tympanic cavity and auditory tube?
1st pharyngeal pouch
56
Why usually does only the 1st pharyngeal cleft remain?
PA2 grows down to cover others and hence obliterate them
57
When do brachial cysts or fistulae occur?
If cervical sinus is not obliterated
58
Where in the neck can brachial cysts or fistulae be located?
Anywhere along the anterior border of SCM
59
When does the neural tube form?
Week 3
60
What is the parapharyngeal space?
Potential space parallel to the pharynx that extends down to T2/3 level
61
Where does the carotid sheath extend from and to?
Base of skull to thoracic mediastinum
62
What are the two divisions of the pretracheal layer?
Visceral
| Muscular
63
What is enclosed by the two divisions of the pretracheal layer?
Visceral: thyroid, trachea and oesophagus
Muscular: infrahyoid muscles
64
What is the fascial covering of the pharynx called?
Buccopharyngeal fascia
65
Where does the retropharyngeal space extend to?
Diaphragm
66
What are the attachments of the prevertebral fascia?
Superior: base of skull
Anterior: transverse process of vertebral bodies
Posterior: ligamentum nuchae
Inferior: endothermic fascia of the rib cage
67
What does the prevertebral fascia form?
Floor of posterior triangle
| Axillary sheath
68
What are the attachments of the deep investing fascia?
Superior: external occipital protuberance and superior nuchal line
Anterior: hyoid bone
Inferior: spine and acromion of scapula, clavicle, manubrium of sternum
Posterior: along ligamentum nuchae
69
At what vertebral level does the common carotid artery branch?
C3/4
70
Where does the first branch of the internal carotid artery go?
To the eye
71
What are the branches of the external carotid artery?
```
Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior auricular
Superficial temporal
Maxillary
```
72
Which major vein is located in the posterior triangle of the neck?
External jugular
73
Which major vein is located in the anterior triangle of the neck?
Internal jugular
74
What gives neural supply to the muscles of facial expression?
CN VII-facial nerve
75
What are the branches of the facial nerve?
```
Temporal
Zygomatic
Bucal
Mandibular
Cervical
```
76
What gives neural supply to the muscles of mastication?
CNV-trigeminal
77
What are the branches of the trigeminal nerve?
Ophthalmic (V1)
Maxillary (V2)
Mandibular (V3)
78
Which muscles are supplied by the Trigeminal nerve?
Masseter
Temporalis
Buccinator
Medial and lateral pterygoid
79
What gives innervation to sternocleidomastoid?
Accessory nerve
80
What are the nerves roots of the accessory nerve?
C2&3
81
What gives innervation to trapezius?
Accessory nerve
82
Where does trapezius attach?
Ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7-T12, clavicle, acromion and scapula spine
83
What gives innervation to platysma?
Facial nerve
84
Where do the two heads of platysma arise from?
Fascia of pec major and deltoid
85
What is the action of platysma at the mandible?
Tenses skin
| Releases pressure on superficial veins
86
What is the action of platysma at its inferior attachment?
Depresses mandible
| Draws corners of mouth into a grimace to convey stress/tension
87
Which are the suprahyoid muscles?
Stylohyoid
Digastric
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
88
What is the action of the suprahyoid muscles?
Elevate hyoid and larynx during swallowing
89
What is the action of the infrahyoid muscles?
Depress hyoid and larynx during swallowing and speech
90
Which are the infrahyoid muscles?
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Sternothyroid
91
Which hyoid muscles does the hypoglossal nerve supply?
Geniohyoid and thyrohyoid
92
What gives innervation to stylohyoid and digastric?
Facial nerve
93
What gives innervation to mylohyoid?
Inferior alveolar nerve
94
Which nerve roots supply Omohyoid?
C1-3
95
Which nerve roots supply sternothyroid?
C2-3
96
What sensation do the accessory nerves give?
Pain and proprioception
97
What forms the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?
Anterior: posterior border of SCM
Posterior: anterior border of trapezius
Inferior: middle 1/3 of clavicle
98
What splits the posterior triangle of the neck into subdivisions?
Omohyoid
99
Describe the occipital triangle of the neck.
Larger, superior subdivision of the posterior triangle which is crossed by the accessory nerve
100
Describe the subclavian triangle of the neck.
Smaller, inferior subdivision of the posterior triangle that contains the distal subclavian artery
101
What are the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck?
Superior: inferior border of the mandible
Medial: imaginary sagital line down the midline
Lateral: medial border of SCM
102
What are the 4 subdivisions of the anterior triangle of the neck?
Submandibular triangle
Submental triangle
Muscular triangle
Carotid triangle
103
What are the borders of the submandibular triangle?
Superior: mandible
Anterior: anterior belly of digastric
Posterior: posterior belly of digastric
104
What does the submandibular triangle contain?
Submandibular gland
Facial artery
Facial vein
105
What are the borders of the sub mental triangle?
Inferior: hyoid
Medial: midline
Lateral: anterior belly of digastric
106
What does the sub mental triangle contain?
Lymph
107
What are the borders of the carotid triangle?
Superior: posterior belly of digastric
Lateral: SCM
Inferior: superior omohyoid
108
What does the carotid triangle contain?
Common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Hypoglossal nerve
Vagus nerve
109
What are the borders of the muscular triangle of the neck?
Superior: hyoid bone
Medial: midline
Superolateral: superior omohyoid belly
Inferolateral: inferior SCM
110
What are the contents of the muscular triangle of the neck?
Infrahyoids
Pharynx
Thyroid
Parathyroid
111
Which are the superficial suprahyoids?
Digastric and stylohyoid
112
Which is the intermediate suprahyoid?
Mylohyoid
113
Which is the deep suprahyoid?
Geniohyoid
114
Which are the superficial infrahyoids?
Sternohyoid and omohyoid
115
Which are the deep infrahyoids?
Sternothyroid and thyrohyoid
