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Semester 4 > Head And Neck Session 1 > Flashcards

Head And Neck Session 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the primitive gut tube by the end of week 4?

A

Folding of the embryo

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2
Q

Describe the embryonic face and neck at the beginning of week 4.

A

No distinguishing external features

Accounts for approx. 1/2 length of the embryo

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3
Q

What forms a complex tissue system that involves the heart, great vessels, brain and special sensory organs?

A

Pharyngeal arches

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4
Q

How many pharyngeal arches are there?

A

5

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5
Q

What does each pharyngeal arch consist of?

A 
Mesoderm core
Ectoderm and endoderm covering
Artery
Nerve
Cartilage bar
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6
Q

What causes the frontonasal prominence to arise?

A

Swelling of the neural tube

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7
Q

How are the pharyngeal arches numbered?

A

1-6

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8
Q

How does the size of the pharyngeal arches change as you move from 1 through to 6?

A

Become progressively smaller

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9
Q

Which areas of the brain are predominantly involved in the pharyngeal arches?

A

Midbrain

Hindbrain

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10
Q

What are the 3 vesicle stages of neural tube development?

A 
Prosencephalon = forebrain
Mesencephalon = midbrain
Rhombencephalon = hindbrain
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11
Q

How can the cranial nerves be classified?

A

Function

Embryological origin

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12
Q

Which cranial nerves are not derived from the mid- or hindbrain?

A

I and II (olfactory and optic)

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13
Q

Which cranial nerves have mixed sensory and motor functions to supple the derivatives of the pharyngeal arches?

A

V-Trigeminal
VII-facial
IX-glossopharyngeal
X-vagus

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14
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in the development of the pharynx and tongue?

A

XI-accessory

XII-hypoglossal

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15
Q

Where does the facial skeleton derive from?

A

PA1 and frontonasal prominence

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16
Q

Where do the muscles of mastication arise from?

A

PA1

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17
Q

What innervation does cranial nerve V, the Trigeminal nerve, provide?

A

Sensory: skin of face, lining of mouth and nose
Motor: muscles of mastication and muscles derived from mandibular process

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18
Q

What does PA1 divide into?

A

Maxillary and mandibular processes

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19
Q

What is Meckel’s cartilage?

A

Prominent ossified cartilage of mandibular prominence of PA1 that forms template of mandible

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20
Q

What process allows formation of the mandible from Meckel’s cartilage?

A

Membranous ossification

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21
Q

What happens to the aortic arch of PA1?

A

Disappears

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22
Q

What happens to the aortic arch of PA2?

A

Disappears

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23
Q

Where do the muscles of facial expression derive from?

A

PA2

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24
Q

Which cranial nerve is associated with PA2?

A

VII-facial nerve

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25
Q

Which cranial nerve is associated with PA1?

A

V-Trigeminal

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26
Q

What structures does the facial nerve pass through?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

Parotid gland

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27
Q

What function does the facial nerve have?

A

Motor: muscles of facial expression
Sensory: taste buds in anterior 2/3 of tongue

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28
Q

Which PA is associated with Reichert’s cartilage?

A

2

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29
Q

What does Reichert’s cartilage develop into?

A

Middle ear development –> stapes

Styloid process, lesser cornu and upper body of hyoid bone

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30
Q

Which muscles derives from PA3?

A

Stylopharyngeus

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31
Q

Which cranial nerve derives from PA3?

A

IX-glossopharyngeal nerve

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32
Q

What function does the glossopharyngeal nerve have?

A

Motor: stylopharyngeus
Sensory: general and special innervation to posterior 1/3 of tongue and pharynx

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33
Q

What does the cartilage of PA3 form?

A

Remainder of hyoid bone

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34
Q

What happens to the aortic arch of PA3?

A

Forms internal carotid

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35
Q

Which muscles derive from PA4?

A

Cricothyroid
Levator palatini
Constrictors of pharynx

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36
Q

Which cranial nerve is associated with PA4?

A

X-Vagus nerve

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37
Q

What is the 4th arch branch of the vagus nerve?

A

Superior laryngeal nerve-supplies cricothyroid and pharynx constrictors

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38
Q

What happens to the aortic arch of PA4?

A

Forms arch of aorta on the L

Forms brachiocephalic artery on R

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39
Q

What does the mesenchyme of PA4 become?

A

Epiglottis

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40
Q

Where do the cartilages of the larynx derive from?

A

Cartilage bars of PA4

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41
Q

What are the three cartilages of the larynx?

A

Thyroid
Arytenoid
Cricoid

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42
Q

Where do the intrinsic muscles of the larynx derive from?

A

PA6

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43
Q

What happens to the aortic arch of PA6?

A

Forms pulmonary arch

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44
Q

Which cranial nerve is associated with PA6?

A

X-vagus

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45
Q

What is the 6th arch branch of the vagus nerve?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve supplying intrinsic muscles of the larynx

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46
Q

What does the mesenchyme of PA6 form?

A

Epiglottis

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47
Q

What do the cartilage bars of PA6 form?

A

Thyroid
Arytenoid
Cricoid cartilages

48
Q

What does the size of cartilage bar associated with a PA depend on?

A

Size of PA itself

49
Q

What do the cartilage bars of each PA derive from?

A

Neural crest cells

50
Q

What lies in the floor of the primitive pharynx?

A

Aortic sac

Mesenchyme of 4th and 6th PA

51
Q

What forms the palatine tonsil?

A

Epithelial proliferation followed by lymphoid precursor colonisation of 2nd pharyngeal pouch

52
Q

Where do the parathyroid glands derive from?

A

Dorsal aspect of 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches (3rd inferior and 4th superior)

53
Q

Where does the thymus derive from?

A

Ventral aspect of the 3rd and 4th pouches (2 lobes migrate)

54
Q

What forms the ossicles of the middle ear?

A

Cartilage bar derivatives from PA1&2

55
Q

What forms the tympanic cavity and auditory tube?

A

1st pharyngeal pouch

56
Q

Why usually does only the 1st pharyngeal cleft remain?

A

PA2 grows down to cover others and hence obliterate them

57
Q

When do brachial cysts or fistulae occur?

A

If cervical sinus is not obliterated

58
Q

Where in the neck can brachial cysts or fistulae be located?

A

Anywhere along the anterior border of SCM

59
Q

When does the neural tube form?

A

Week 3

60
Q

What is the parapharyngeal space?

A

Potential space parallel to the pharynx that extends down to T2/3 level

61
Q

Where does the carotid sheath extend from and to?

A

Base of skull to thoracic mediastinum

62
Q

What are the two divisions of the pretracheal layer?

A

Visceral

Muscular

63
Q

What is enclosed by the two divisions of the pretracheal layer?

A

Visceral: thyroid, trachea and oesophagus
Muscular: infrahyoid muscles

64
Q

What is the fascial covering of the pharynx called?

A

Buccopharyngeal fascia

65
Q

Where does the retropharyngeal space extend to?

A

Diaphragm

66
Q

What are the attachments of the prevertebral fascia?

A

Superior: base of skull
Anterior: transverse process of vertebral bodies
Posterior: ligamentum nuchae
Inferior: endothermic fascia of the rib cage

67
Q

What does the prevertebral fascia form?

A

Floor of posterior triangle

Axillary sheath

68
Q

What are the attachments of the deep investing fascia?

A

Superior: external occipital protuberance and superior nuchal line
Anterior: hyoid bone
Inferior: spine and acromion of scapula, clavicle, manubrium of sternum
Posterior: along ligamentum nuchae

69
Q

At what vertebral level does the common carotid artery branch?

A

C3/4

70
Q

Where does the first branch of the internal carotid artery go?

A

To the eye

71
Q

What are the branches of the external carotid artery?

A 
Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior auricular
Superficial temporal
Maxillary
72
Q

Which major vein is located in the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

External jugular

73
Q

Which major vein is located in the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Internal jugular

74
Q

What gives neural supply to the muscles of facial expression?

A

CN VII-facial nerve

75
Q

What are the branches of the facial nerve?

A 
Temporal
Zygomatic
Bucal
Mandibular
Cervical
76
Q

What gives neural supply to the muscles of mastication?

A

CNV-trigeminal

77
Q

What are the branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Ophthalmic (V1)
Maxillary (V2)
Mandibular (V3)

78
Q

Which muscles are supplied by the Trigeminal nerve?

A

Masseter
Temporalis
Buccinator
Medial and lateral pterygoid

79
Q

What gives innervation to sternocleidomastoid?

A

Accessory nerve

80
Q

What are the nerves roots of the accessory nerve?

A

C2&3

81
Q

What gives innervation to trapezius?

A

Accessory nerve

82
Q

Where does trapezius attach?

A

Ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7-T12, clavicle, acromion and scapula spine

83
Q

What gives innervation to platysma?

A

Facial nerve

84
Q

Where do the two heads of platysma arise from?

A

Fascia of pec major and deltoid

85
Q

What is the action of platysma at the mandible?

A

Tenses skin

Releases pressure on superficial veins

86
Q

What is the action of platysma at its inferior attachment?

A

Depresses mandible

Draws corners of mouth into a grimace to convey stress/tension

87
Q

Which are the suprahyoid muscles?

A

Stylohyoid
Digastric
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid

88
Q

What is the action of the suprahyoid muscles?

A

Elevate hyoid and larynx during swallowing

89
Q

What is the action of the infrahyoid muscles?

A

Depress hyoid and larynx during swallowing and speech

90
Q

Which are the infrahyoid muscles?

A

Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Sternothyroid

91
Q

Which hyoid muscles does the hypoglossal nerve supply?

A

Geniohyoid and thyrohyoid

92
Q

What gives innervation to stylohyoid and digastric?

A

Facial nerve

93
Q

What gives innervation to mylohyoid?

A

Inferior alveolar nerve

94
Q

Which nerve roots supply Omohyoid?

A

C1-3

95
Q

Which nerve roots supply sternothyroid?

A

C2-3

96
Q

What sensation do the accessory nerves give?

A

Pain and proprioception

97
Q

What forms the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Anterior: posterior border of SCM
Posterior: anterior border of trapezius
Inferior: middle 1/3 of clavicle

98
Q

What splits the posterior triangle of the neck into subdivisions?

A

Omohyoid

99
Q

Describe the occipital triangle of the neck.

A

Larger, superior subdivision of the posterior triangle which is crossed by the accessory nerve

100
Q

Describe the subclavian triangle of the neck.

A

Smaller, inferior subdivision of the posterior triangle that contains the distal subclavian artery

101
Q

What are the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Superior: inferior border of the mandible
Medial: imaginary sagital line down the midline
Lateral: medial border of SCM

102
Q

What are the 4 subdivisions of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Submandibular triangle
Submental triangle
Muscular triangle
Carotid triangle

103
Q

What are the borders of the submandibular triangle?

A

Superior: mandible
Anterior: anterior belly of digastric
Posterior: posterior belly of digastric

104
Q

What does the submandibular triangle contain?

A

Submandibular gland
Facial artery
Facial vein

105
Q

What are the borders of the sub mental triangle?

A

Inferior: hyoid
Medial: midline
Lateral: anterior belly of digastric

106
Q

What does the sub mental triangle contain?

A

Lymph

107
Q

What are the borders of the carotid triangle?

A

Superior: posterior belly of digastric
Lateral: SCM
Inferior: superior omohyoid

108
Q

What does the carotid triangle contain?

A

Common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Hypoglossal nerve
Vagus nerve

109
Q

What are the borders of the muscular triangle of the neck?

A

Superior: hyoid bone
Medial: midline
Superolateral: superior omohyoid belly
Inferolateral: inferior SCM

110
Q

What are the contents of the muscular triangle of the neck?

A

Infrahyoids
Pharynx
Thyroid
Parathyroid

111
Q

Which are the superficial suprahyoids?

A

Digastric and stylohyoid

112
Q

Which is the intermediate suprahyoid?

A

Mylohyoid

113
Q

Which is the deep suprahyoid?

A

Geniohyoid

114
Q

Which are the superficial infrahyoids?

A

Sternohyoid and omohyoid

115
Q

Which are the deep infrahyoids?

A

Sternothyroid and thyrohyoid

Semester 4 (33 decks)

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