HEAD and NECK Flashcards
1
Q
these cells form the placenta
A
trophoblast
2
Q
primitive oral cavity is called what?
A
stomodeum
3
Q
what do pharyngeal arches and somites give rise to?
A
PA: head and neck !!!what
somite: where body develops
4
Q
sequence that embryo develops? cranial to caudal or caudal to cranial?
A
cranial -> caudal
5
Q
the primitive anus is called what?
A
BLASTOPORE
6
Q
what are the pharyngeal arches and what nerve they intervated by?
A
1 (mandibular) - V 2 (hyoid) - 7 3- 9 4- 10 6- not visible - 10
7
Q
describe the development of the pituitary gland (post and ant)
A
stomedeum (prim. oral cavity) -> RATHEKES pouch - > ant pit
forebrain -> diencephalo -> post pit
slide 14
8
Q
thyroid gland descends down neck carrying __ duct that connects to what foramen?
A
thyroglossal duct
9
Q
a undescended thyroid sits at the base of the tongue as ___
A
lingual thyroid
10
Q
the ear develops from what pharyngeal arch?
A
first and second !
11
Q
what medication causes first and second arch defects ? and what does it affect?
A
ACUTANE (reinoic acid)
12
Q
a patient with small ear and small mandible after taking this medication ___. what happened
A
acutane caused 1st and second arch defect causing
microtia and micrognathia
13
Q
what happens first cleft lip or cleft palate?
A
cleft lip: 4-6 weeks
cleft palate: 6-8 weeks
14
Q
how does cleft lip and cleft palate happen with these prominences
Mesial nasal prominence
lateral nasal prominence
Maxillary prominense
A
Cleft lip: MNP and MP anterior
cleft palate: MNP and MP posteriorly
15
Q
a patient with cleft palate, hypocalcemia, adnormal facial features, cardiac abnormalities has what syndrome?
A
DiGeorge Syndrome
16
Q
what are the 6 features of diGeorge Syndrome
A
Cardiac abnormalaties abdnormal face Thymic aplasia cleft palate hypocalcemia 22q11 deletion
CATCH 22
17
Q
during skull development __ cells form anterior skull and __ cells form posterior skulls
A
Neural Crest
Paraxial mesoderms
18
Q
what are the 8 facial bones?
A
zygomatic maxilla nasal lacrimal palatine ethmoid ( sup, middle, inferior) vomer mandible
19
Q
what are the 2 fontanellese that we have
A
frontal: located at junctioon of coronal and sagitaal
occipital: junction of lambdoid and sagittal
20
Q
which suture closes 3-9 months after birth ?
frontal, coronal, sagittal, squamous, lambdoid
A
frontal
21
Q
which suture fuses both parietal bones?
frontal, coronal, sagittal, squamous, lambdoid
A
sagittal
22
Q
which suture fuses frontal bone with 2 parietals
frontal, coronal, sagittal, squamous, lambdoid
A
coronal
23
Q
what fuses occipital bone with 2 parietals
frontal, coronal, sagittal, squamous, lambdoid
A
lambdoid
24
Q
premature closure of fontanelles causes what?
A
aniosyntostosis ( elongated ant- post direction long football head)
25
which carniosynostosis caused by early closure of sagittal suture?
scaphocephaly, brachycephaly, plagiocephaly
scaphocephaly
26
which craniosynostosis caused by early closure of coronal and lambdoid sutures?
scaphocephaly, brachycephaly, plagiocephaly
brachycephaly
27
which craniosynostosis caused by early closure of coronal and lambdoid sutures on one side of skull
scaphocephaly, brachycephaly, plagiocephaly
plagiocephaly
28
primary function of sinuses ?
reduce weight of skull
29
how does angle of mandible change overtime ?
birth 150 degrees -> kids 140 degrees -> adu;t 120 degrees elderly - 140 degrees
ANGLE of mandible adapts to changes om alveolar process
30
common sites of fracture in skull?
LeFort fracture lines
31
what are 7 parts of ORBITAL BONE
FM PLESZ ( astronaut in orbit)
```
F: frontal bone
M: maxillary bone
P: palatine bone
L: Lacrimal bone
E: ethmoid
S: sphenoid bone
Zygomatic bone
```
NASAL NOT PART OF ORBIT!!
32
what CN passes thorugh ethmoid ?
CN 1 passes through cribriform plate
33
where is the pituitary gland located?
sella turcica part of sphenoid bone
34
what are 3 components of nasal septum?
PVS
- Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
- VOmer bone
- Septal cartilage
35
what drains into each
Superior, Middle, Inferior Meatus
sphenoid sinus, post ethmoid, sphenoplatine foramen drain into SUPERIOR
ant and middle ethmoid sinus , max sinus, frontal sinus (VIA SEMILUNAR HIATUS)
nasolacrimal duct -> inferior meatus
36
what drains into inferior meatus
nasolacrimal duct
37
where does frontal sinus drain?
middle meatus via semilunar hiatus
38
what foramens of V1 V2 V3?
V1 : supraorbital
v2: infraorbital
V3: mental forament
39
what houses CN 1?
cribriform plate of ethmoid bone!!
babys crib smells bad
40
what is fascia
connective tissue that holds every organ, blood vessel, bone, and nerve
41
where are these CT located?
| Superficial, visceral, deep
superficial: loose ct under dermis
deep: dense CT surrounds muscles, bonesm neres, and blood
visceral: suspends organs within cavities
42
WHAT IS CONTAINED IN CAROTID SHEATH?
Common carotid
IJV
Vagus
Deep cervical lymph nodes
43
what is dolar?
pain
44
what is rubor
redness
45
what are normal vitals ? know this for board clinical questions
temp, BP, Pulse, RR,
temp: anything above 100
BP: above 120/80
pulse: above 100
RR: above 16
46
primary spaces vs secondary fascial spaces of infection
primary:
- canine
- buccal
- vestibular
- submandibular, Sublingual, submental
Secondary (infected via spread of another fascia):
- Submasseteric, pterygomandibular, Superficial/ deep temporal (MASSICATOR SPACE)
- Paraphyngeal, retropharyngeal, danger, prevertobral ( DEEP NECK SPACE)
- periorbital
47
most common space of dental infection??
- canine
- buccal
- vestibular
- submandibular, Sublingual, submental
Vestibular space!!
remember infection goes down path of least resistance so when infection comes out apex goes out to tissue space rather than bone
48
infection of maxillary canines or incisors causes infection of where and between what muscles?
levator anguli oris and levator labii superioris
infection of lower eye lid and upper lip ( canine space between these 2 muscles so once infection gets in infects thing in that space)
49
infection of premolars and molars affect what space and clinical signs of that infection?
- canine
- buccal
- vestibular
- submandibular, Sublingual, submental
BUCCAL SPACE
marked cheeck swelling
50
swelling caused by mandibular teeth from premolars to incisors on floor of youth affects what space? their roots are usually attached ABOVE what muscle?
- canine
- buccal
- vestibular
- submandibular, Sublingual, submental
SUBLINGUAL SPACE
mylohyoid muscle to mylohyoid line (roots ABOVE mylo!!)
51
swelling caused by mandibular second or third molars whose roots are BELOW this muscle
- canine
- buccal
- vestibular
- submandibular, Sublingual, submental
submandibular space !!! ( below mylohyoid remember sublingual apex of teeth above)
52
swelling evident below chin by mandibular incisors what space is affected
- canine
- buccal
- vestibular
- submandibular, Sublingual, submental
submental ( by mental foramen)
53
a patient presents with bilateral swelling what does this patient have and which spaces are affected?
welling caused by mandibular second or third molars whose roots are BELOW this muscle
- canine
- buccal
- vestibular
- submandibular, Sublingual, submental
Ludwigs Angina
all 3 perimandibular spaces:
- submental, sublingual, submandibular
54
a patient presents with lateral hourglass facial swelling. near maxillary second and third molars what space is affected?
- submasseteric
- pterygomandibular
- superficial/ deep temporal
- parapharyngeal
- retropharyngeal
- danger
- prevertebral
- periorbital
- superficial and deep temporal ( secondary space)
55
a patient presents with infection that involves trismus (lock jaw) around third molars, what space is infected?
- submasseteric
- pterygomandibular
- superficial/ deep temporal
- parapharyngeal
- retropharyngeal
- danger
- prevertebral
- periorbital
submasseteric
56
pterygomandibular space dental source of infection is what teeth?
mandibular third molars
57
treatment of space infections?
extraction or pulpectomy
incision and drainage
antibiotic
58
muscles of mastication formed on what arch?
1st arch ( from paraxial mesoderm)
59
muscles of facial expression formed on what arch? and what CN ?
2nd arch cn 7 !!!
60
this muscles pulls forehead up and retracts scalp?
occipitofrontalis
Occipital and frontal
61
this type of fibrous tissue forms middle layer of scalp and connects frontal and occipital bellies
Epicranial aponeurosis ( part of occipitofrontalis that spans from eyebrow to back of head)
62
what muscles sits over temporalis muscle
temporoParietalis
63
this muscle pulls up corners of mouth for smiling, laughing, teeth display
zygomaticus ( major and Minor)
64
this muscles is used for closing eyelid and blinking
orbicularis Oculi
65
this muscle elevates the upper lip
levator labii superiororis
66
which muscle is used for both smiling and frowning?
orbicularis oris
67
muscles puckers lips, compresses lips agianst teeth, used in speech
orbicularis oris
68
pulls down corner of mouth
depressor angulis oris
69
pulls down lower lip
depressor labii inferioris
70
superficial muscle pulls down lips and mouth, wrinkles skin on lower face
platysma
71
muscle overlaps SCM
Platysma
72
pouts lower lip, can displace lower denture, sign of lip incompetence if strained
mentalis
73
muscle draws eyebrows together
corrugator supercilii
74
muscle that wrinkles bridge of nose
procerus
75
tenses cheek to keep food between teeth
buccinator
76
muscle flares nostril to compress nose
nasalis
77
what are SUPRAhyoid muscles
Google MAPS are super
- Geniohyoid
- mylohyoid
- post belly of digastric
- stylohyoid
78
```
which muscle depressses the tongue?
hyoglossus
Genioglossus
Palatoglossus
styloglossus
```
hyoglossus
79
```
which one retracts the tongue?
hyoglossus
Genioglossus
Palatoglossus
styloglossus
```
styloglossus
80
which muscle protrudes the tongue
```
which one depressses the tongue?
hyoglossus
Genioglossus
Palatoglossus
styloglossus
```
genioglossus
81
```
which one elevates back part of the tongue?
hyoglossus
Genioglossus
Palatoglossus
styloglossus
```
palatoglossus
82
```
what is each tongue muscle intervated by
hyoglossus
Genioglossus
Palatoglossus
styloglossus
```
all cn 12 except palatoglossus cn 10
83
what are these soft palate muscles innervated by?
- palatopharyngeus
- musculus uvulae
- tensor veli palatini
- levator veli palatini
salpingopharyngeus
tensor palitini: CN v3!!
the rest cn 10
84
```
which one pulls pharynx and larynx upwards?
- palatopharyngeus
- musculus uvulae
- tensor veli palatini
- levator veli palatini
salpingopharyngeus
```
PalatoPharyngeus
85
```
which one opens the auditory tube?
- palatopharyngeus
- musculus uvulae
- tensor veli palatini
- levator veli palatini
salpingopharyngeus
```
tensor veli palatini ( tenses the soft palate)
86
```
which muscle closes off nasopharynx during swallowing
- palatopharyngeus
- musculus uvulae
- tensor veli palatini
- levator veli palatini
salpingopharyngeus
```
levator veli ( elvates soft palate)
87
```
what helps equalize air pressure>
- palatopharyngeus
- musculus uvulae
- tensor veli palatini
- levator veli palatini
salpingopharyngeus
```
salpingopharyngeus
88
this intraocular muscle helps acoomadate for near vision
- ciliary muscle
- sphincter pupillae
- dilator pupillae
ciliary muscle (changes lens shape)
89
this intraocular muscle helps constrict pupil via MIOSIS
- ciliary muscle
- sphincter pupillae
- dilator pupillae
sphincter pupillae
90
this helps dilate pupillae
- ciliary muscle
- sphincter pupillae
- dilator pupillae
dilator pupillae
91
which muscle helps with miosis?
- ciliary muscle
- sphincter pupillae
- dilator pupillae
Sphincter pupullae ( constricts !!)
92
which muscle helps with mydriasis
- ciliary muscle
- sphincter pupillae
- dilator pupillae
dilator pupillae ( this one uses SNS fibers!! remember SNS = dilate and psns= constrict)
93
what nerves are parotid gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland composed of
submand subling = 7
parotid = 9
94
match the names of Parotid, submandibular, sublingual
whartons, stensons, bartholins
```
Parotid= stenson
Submandibular = whartons
sublingual = bartholins
```
95
which one most common to have sialothis Parotid, submandibular, sublingual
submandibular
96
type of carilage articulating surfaces of TMJ are covered with?
fibrocartilage
97
shape of articular disc?
biconcave
98
capsular ligament:
- what is its function and what does it connect?
- innervated or non-innervated
retains SYNOVIAL fluid
well innervated
bone to bone : B-L-B
99
R valve of heart is called what?
tricuspid
100
L valve of heart is called what?
mitral/ bicuspid
101
carry blood away from heart
| arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
arteries
102
transports and convereges to form veins arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
venules
103
carry blood back to heart
| arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
veins
104
resistence
| arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
arterioles
105
xchange diffusion of nutriets and O2
| arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
capillaries
106
part of heart that supples head and neck
aortic arch
107
common carotid artery bifurcates between what part of cervical spine
C3-C4
108
what artery feeds tmj
Superficial TEMPORAL artery
109
this artery supplies all teeth
maxillary artery
110
artery supplies all structures of head and neck
external carotid cartery
111
this drains head neck and upper limb
brachiocephalic vein
112
primary drain for brain and dural venous sinuses
internal Jugular vein
113
provides majority of benous drainage of the face
facial vein ( no valves)
114
cavernous sinus cintains passage of what strucutres
ICA, 3, 4, 6, V1, V2
115
part of dura matter that splits that drains blood from brain and has no valves and lots of anastomoses !!!
superior saggital sinus
116
forms ring around head and drain lymph from face and scalp
superficial cervical nodes
117
4 parts of carotid sheets?
common cartoid artery
IJV
Vagus nerve
Deep cervial node
118
which artery supplies muscles of mastication
maxillary artery
119
what issue can happen if infection reaches this space by dental infection, scalp infection, infection from pimple>
cavernous sinus thrombosis
120
which one limits protrussive movements. of mandible?stylomandibular, sphenomandibular, pterygomandibular, stylohyoid
stylo
121
which one is embryonic remenant of meckels cartilage stylomandibular, sphenomandibular, pterygomandibular, stylohyoid
sphenomandibular ( arch 1)
122
which one is embryonic remenant of reichter cartilage stylomandibular, sphenomandibular, pterygomandibular, stylohyoid
stylohyoid ( pharnygeal arch 2)
123
what is calcified in eagle syndrome
| which one is embryonic remenant of meckels cartilage stylomandibular, sphenomandibular, pterygomandibular, stylohyoid
stylo hyoid
