HE - LECTURE #2 Flashcards
who made the theory of Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
A learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and naturally occurring stimulus
Classical Conditioning
The dog salivates immediately after he smells the newly cooked food. While, the dog has no response with the whistle sound and will not salivate, because it does not see the association between the whistle sound and the food. However, when you continually connect and put the two together, the dog will salivate. Continue doing that until the dog realizes that when the whistle is blown, it automatically associates it with the food coming and salivates. What example is this?
Classical Conditioning
patients in the psych ward are taught: bell = medication time. What example is this?
classical conditioning
who made the theory of connectionism theory
EDWARD THORNDIKE
TRIAL+ERROR relationship between the stimulus (S) and the response (r)
connectionism theory
what are the 3 laws of connectionism theory
law of effect
law of readiness
law of exercise
Satisfying results = increase in certain response
Unsatisfying results = decrease in response
what law of connectionism theory?
law of effect
ready to learn = satisfied in learning
Ready to learn but does not learn = Annoyed student
Not ready to learn and does not learn = Annoyed student
Thus, have a patient whose ready to learn and eventually learn something from you for them to be satisfied in learning
law of readiness
“If you don’t use it,you lose it”
Law of exercise
what is the role of the teacher? (3)
respond with reinforcement (law of effect)
motivate student to learn ( law of readiness)
repeat + emphasize (law of exercise)
who made the theory of operant conditioning
bf skinner
a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior; specific consequences are associated with a voluntary behavior
operant conditioning
difference of classical and operant conditioning
classical is involuntary response
operant is voluntary behavior
who made the theory of behaviorism theory
John Watson
the acquisition of new behavior based on environmental conditions; behavior can be CONTROLLED or MODIFIED based on antecedents and consequences of a behavior
behaviorism theory
John Watsons meaning of behavior (5)
was obvious and practical
was muscle movement
results of a series of conditioned reflexes
all emotions and thought is a result of behavior
learned through conditioning
what are the 3 aspects of behaviorism
anyone can be trained for a task
behavior is acquired by conditioning
behavior is observable and measurable
who made the theory of contiguity theory
Edwin Ray Guthrie
States that if a pattern of simulation and a response occur together in time and space, learning occur together in time and space, learning occurs by the formation of associations between them
contiguity theory
states that a behavior (response) will be repeated if the same situation or stimulus will be experienced again
contiguity theory
study of how our brains work in the process of perceiving, thinking, remembering, and learning
cognitive psychology
focus of cognitive psychology
mental processes
who made the insight theory
Wolfgang kohler
refers to the sudden realization of the solution of any problem without repeated trials or continuous practices
insight theory
2 characteristics of insight theory
Insight represents seeing CLEARLY into the essence of a situation
It is NOT a step by step process but partially by unconscious process
they figure it out along the way; they don’t need to repeat it again and again
unconscious process
4 stages of insight learning
preparation
incubation
insight
verification
stage of insight learning; problem cannot be solved, data gathering
preparation
stage of insight learning; problem is put on hold, problem work on unconsciously
incubation
stage of insight learning; suddenly, there is a mental representation of a solution (eureka moment)
insight
stage of insight learning; solution checked, try and do it again if see if it works and get the same results again
verification
who made the field theory
kurt Lewin
states that learning is a process of perceptual organization of one’s life space involving sight
field theory
examines patterns of interaction between the individual and the total field
field theory
a person has to overcome the restraining force to reach that goal
field theory
who made the discovery theory
Jerome bruner
states that learners are encouraged to build on past experiences and knowledge
discovery theory
in discovery theory, leaning makes use of (3) to search for new information to discover facts, correlations, and new truths.
intuition
imagination
creativity
Make use of what they learn and experience before and make connections to make new learning
discovery theory
principles of discovery learning model (5)
problem solving
learner management
integrating and connecting
information analysis and interpretation
failure and feedback
principles of discovery learning model; instructors should guide and motivate learners to seek for solutions
problem solving
principles of discovery learning model; instructors should allow participants to work either alone or with others, and learn at their pace
learner management
principles of discovery learning model; instructors should teach learners how to combine prior knowledge with new and encourage them to connect to the real world
integrating and connecting
principles of discovery learning model; discovering learning is process-oriented and not content-oriented
information analysis and interpretation
principles of discovery learning model; learning doesn’t only occur when we find the right answers, it asks occurs through failure. Try and try until you succeed
failure and feedback
advantages of discovery learning model
encourages motivation, involvement, and creativity
learner’s pace is priority
promotes autonomy and independence
ensures higher levels of retention
who made the schema theory
David rumelhart
is an active strategy coding technique for facilitating the recall of knowledge
schema theory
knowledge structures that are stored in memory
schema or schemata
Prompts that you can associate with a certain concept (words association)
schemata theory
states that people learn the best when they can link or assimilate new information with previous knowledge (reflection)
assimilation theory
who made the assimilation theory
David Ausubel
emphasizes thinking processes: thought, reasoning, and way of information is encountered, stored, and memory functioning
information- processing model of memory
what are the external processes of information- processing model of memory
stage 1 - attention
stage 4 - action
what are stages of information- processing model of memory
stage 1 - attention
stage 2 - processing
stage 3 - memory storage
stage 4 - action
what are the internal processes of information- processing model of memory
stage 2 - processing
stage 3 - memory storage
who made the social learning theory
Albert Banudara
states that people learn from one another via observation, imitation, and modeling
social learning theory
acquisition of behavior by means of modeling
observational learning
4 processes of social learning
attention
retention
motor reproduction
reinforcement
process of social learning; behavior or value desired has caught the interest of the learning
attention
process of social learning; recalls/remembers the behavior or value to be learned
retention
process of social learning; learners imitates or emulates newly learned behavior
motoric reproduction
process of social learning; learner practices what he has learned
reinforcement
phases of Observation of the role model
attentional phase
retention phase
reproduction phase
motivational phase
phase of observation of the role model; patient observes you, processes it
attentional phase
phase of observation of the role model; tries to store it in his memory
retention phase
phase of observation of the role model; patient tries to retrieve what he remembers and try to do it
reproduction phase
phase of observation of the role model; influenced by reinforcement and punishment
motivational phase
A mixture of behaviorism, cognitivism, and information processing model.
social learning theory
theories include in the behaviorism team
classical conditioning
connectionism theory
operant conditioning
behaviorism theory
contiguity theory
theories under cognitive team
insight theory
field theory
discovery theory
schema theory
assimilation
