FNP - Concept of Stress, Adaptation, and Homeostasis

Question 1

An experience a person is exposed to,
through a stimulus; A condition in which a person experiences changes in the normal
balanced state

Answer 1

Stress

Question 2

Characteristics of Stress (5)

Answer 2

Not a nervous energy (not from the nerves)
Man acts as a unified whole
Stress not always results to feeling
of distress (distress - damaging to health)
Stress not always due to tissue injury
Stress not always to be avoided at entirely (bc of eustress)

Question 3

Models of Stress

Answer 3

Stimulus-based (Holmes, Rahe)
Response-based (Selye)
Transaction-based (Lazarus, Folkman)
Adaptation Model of Stress (Mechanic)

Question 4

who made the stimulus-based model of stress

Answer 4

Holmes and Rahe

Question 5

model of stress; Disturbing or disruptive characteristics within the environment, anything in environment that disrupts our balance

Answer 5

Stimulus-based

Question 6

who made the response-based model of stress

Answer 6

Selye

Question 7

model of stress; a nonspecific response of the
body to any demand made upon it, our body (including organs) are
the only ones affected

Answer 7

response-based

Question 8

who made the transaction-based model of stress

Answer 8

Lazarus and Folkman

Question 9

model of stress; perceptual response rooted in psychological and cognitive process, includes the mind, emotions, and way of thinking

Answer 9

transaction-based

Question 10

model of stress; Stress is an anxiety provoking stimuli

Answer 10

Adaptation Model of Stress

Question 11

difference of transaction base to adaptation model of stress

Answer 11

transaction based - mind, emotions, and way of thinking
adaptation model - emotions only

Question 12

model of stress; ex. change in weather, pollution

Answer 12

Stimulus-based

Question 13

model of stress; ex. The heat of the sun stimulates sweating or sunburn

Answer 13

response-based

Question 14

model of stress; ex. When you’re taking a test (mental blocks)

Answer 14

Transaction-based

Question 15

model of stress; ex. Anxiousness in test

Answer 15

Adaptation Model of Stress

Question 16

A mechanism in which deviation from normal are sensed and counteracted, Balance/ Equilibrium or constancy while continually changing

Answer 16

homeostasis

Question 17

A process of modifying to meet new/changing or different conditions, Alteration in functioning to maintain balance

Answer 17

Adaptation

Question 18

Characteristics of the Adaptive Mechanisms (8)

Answer 18

Automatic
Requires time and energy
Tiring and Egocentric
Entire body is involved
With limits
Varies from person to person
May be inadequate or excessive
Attempts to maintain homeostasis

Question 19

Factors affecting Stress Response (4)

Answer 19

Intensity
Scope
Duration
Number and Nature of stressors

Question 20

PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION

Answer 20

Local Adaptive Syndrome (LAS)
General Adaptive Syndrome (GAS)

Question 21

purpose of LAS

Answer 21

Prevent spread of infection
Localize the injury
Promotes healing

Question 22

4 stages of LAS

Answer 22

Vascular stage
Cellular Stage
Exudative Stage
Reparative stage

Question 23

Vascular stage (3)

Answer 23

Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation
Increase capillary permeability

Question 24

Vascular stage; Platelet and thromboxane (cell) at the site of injury to stop bleeding

Answer 24

Vasoconstriction

Question 25

Vascular stage; Histamine (hormone) will be produced at the site of injury (redness or rubor and color or calor)

Answer 25

Vasodilation

Question 26

Vascular stage; Tumor (swelling at the site of injury), dolor or pain, temporary loss of function

Answer 26

Increase capillary permeability

Question 27

Cellular stage

Answer 27

Margination Diapedesis Emigration Chemotaxis

Question 28

cellular stage; because of capillary permeability, solid will enter tight capillary walls in order to get to the site of injury

Answer 28

Diapedesis

Question 29

cellular stage; proteins secreted in site of injury to signal cells

Answer 29

Chemotaxis

Question 30

WBC will have to go to the site of injury

Answer 30

Positive

Question 31

WBC moves away from the site of injury (retreats as it is unable to deal with the microorganisms) causing an extension of injury

Answer 31

Negative

Question 32

Exudative stage (5)

Answer 32

Serous Sanguinous Purulent Serosanguinous Purosaguinous

Question 33

Exudative stage; Watery fluid secretions; blister formation

Answer 33

serous

Question 34

Exudative stage; blood clotting; red in color;

Answer 34

sanguineous

Question 35

Exudative stage; pus formation; yellow in color (Example: Acne)

Answer 35

purulent

Question 36

Exudative stage; Watery red

Answer 36

Serosanguinous

Question 37

Exudative stage; yellow with red fluid

Answer 37

Purosaguinous

Question 38

Reparative Stage (3)

Answer 38

Primary Intention or Regeneration Secondary Intention or Scar Formation Tertiary Intention or Intentional Delay in Wound Closure

Question 39

Reparative Stage; damaged cells replaced with original cells

Answer 39

Primary Intention or Regeneration

Question 40

Reparative Stage; damaged cells replaced with fibrous tissues

Answer 40

Secondary Intention or Scar Formation

Question 41

Reparative Stage; Insertion of latex for drainage ex. Example: Ruptured appendicitis is placed with a tube for drainage, Jackson Pratt Drain

Answer 41

Tertiary Intention or Intentional Delay in Wound Closure

Question 42

increase in WBC count in the blood

Answer 42

Leukocytosis

Question 43

swelling or enlargement of the lymph nodes

Answer 43

Lymphadenopathy

Question 44

Organs Primarily Involved in GAS

Answer 44

Medulla Oblongata Reticular Formation Endocrine Glands

Question 45

controls vital functions for survival

Answer 45

medulla oblongata

Question 46

clusters of neuron in the brainstem and spinal cord; connections with sensory and motor parts

Answer 46

reticular formation

Question 47

supplies hormones functions

Answer 47

Endocrine Glands

Question 48

stages of GAS

Answer 48

alarm resistance exhaustion

Question 49

alarm stage of GAS

Answer 49

Awareness of stressor Mobilization of defenses Increased hormones Increased Vital Sign Decreased resistance SNS predominates

Question 50

resistance stage of GAS

Answer 50

Adaptation occurs - balance as hormones circulate Normalization of hormones and Vital Sign Homeostasis occurs Increased resistance PNS predominates

Question 51

exhaustion stage of GAS

Answer 51

Decreased energy Breakdown in (-) feedback mechanism Damaged organ Decreased physiological function

Question 52

Sympatho-Adreno-Medulary Response

Answer 52

Epinephrine and norepinephrine increased body activities (e.g., increased VS depending on what is affected)

Question 53

Effect of SNS and adrenal medulla on () - Heightened alertness restlessness because of increased blood flow

Answer 53

Heightened alertness restlessness because of increased blood flow

Question 54

Effect of SNS and adrenal medulla on () - Increased blood flow in deeper organs; there will be peripheral vasoconstriction (cold and clammy feeling of skin)

Answer 54

blood vessels

Question 55

Effect of SNS and adrenal medulla on () - Increased rate of pump of blood (heart rate) to accommodate increase in blood flow needed by different organs in response to stress

Answer 55

heart

Question 56

Effect of SNS and adrenal medulla on () -Dilation of blood vessels will result in the increase of respiratory rate (RR)

Answer 56

lungs

Question 57

Effect of SNS and adrenal medulla on () -Increase in blood flow (where nutrients, glucose and hormones are found)

Answer 57

skeletal muscles

Question 58

Effect of SNS and adrenal medulla on () - Increased activity but less utilization of glucose (patient in alarm stage is in a state of hyperglycemia)

Answer 58

pancreas

Question 59

Anterior Pituitary gland will release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulating the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone and cortisol

Answer 59

Adrenocortical response

Question 60

hormone; increased blood volume = increased bp = decreased urine output

Answer 60

aldosterone

Question 61

hormone; Important for metabolism of fats and carbohydrates

Answer 61

cortisol

Question 62

where glycogenesis happens

Answer 62

liver

Question 63

is generation of new sugar from fats and proteins

Answer 63

gluconeogenesis

Question 64

GAS response, Posterior Pituitary secretes ADH which inhibits urine output, Water is absorbed in the body = increased blood volume = increased bp

Answer 64

Neurohypophyseal response