FNP - Concept of Stress, Adaptation, and Homeostasis Flashcards
An experience a person is exposed to,
through a stimulus; A condition in which a person experiences changes in the normal
balanced state
Stress
Characteristics of Stress (5)
Not a nervous energy (not from the nerves)
Man acts as a unified whole
Stress not always results to feeling
of distress (distress - damaging to health)
Stress not always due to tissue injury
Stress not always to be avoided at entirely (bc of eustress)
Models of Stress
Stimulus-based (Holmes, Rahe)
Response-based (Selye)
Transaction-based (Lazarus, Folkman)
Adaptation Model of Stress (Mechanic)
who made the stimulus-based model of stress
Holmes and Rahe
model of stress; Disturbing or disruptive characteristics within the environment, anything in environment that disrupts our balance
Stimulus-based
who made the response-based model of stress
Selye
model of stress; a nonspecific response of the
body to any demand made upon it, our body (including organs) are
the only ones affected
response-based
who made the transaction-based model of stress
Lazarus and Folkman
model of stress; perceptual response rooted in psychological and cognitive process, includes the mind, emotions, and way of thinking
transaction-based
model of stress; Stress is an anxiety provoking stimuli
Adaptation Model of Stress
difference of transaction base to adaptation model of stress
transaction based - mind, emotions, and way of thinking
adaptation model - emotions only
model of stress; ex. change in weather, pollution
Stimulus-based
model of stress; ex. The heat of the sun stimulates sweating or sunburn
response-based
model of stress; ex. When you’re taking a test (mental blocks)
Transaction-based
model of stress; ex. Anxiousness in test
Adaptation Model of Stress
A mechanism in which deviation from normal are sensed and counteracted, Balance/ Equilibrium or constancy while continually changing
homeostasis
A process of modifying to meet new/changing or different conditions, Alteration in functioning to maintain balance
Adaptation
Characteristics of the Adaptive Mechanisms (8)
Automatic
Requires time and energy
Tiring and Egocentric
Entire body is involved
With limits
Varies from person to person
May be inadequate or excessive
Attempts to maintain homeostasis
Factors affecting Stress Response (4)
Intensity
Scope
Duration
Number and Nature of stressors
PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION
Local Adaptive Syndrome (LAS)
General Adaptive Syndrome (GAS)
purpose of LAS
Prevent spread of infection
Localize the injury
Promotes healing
4 stages of LAS
Vascular stage
Cellular Stage
Exudative Stage
Reparative stage
Vascular stage (3)
Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation
Increase capillary permeability
Vascular stage; Platelet and thromboxane (cell) at the site of injury to stop bleeding
Vasoconstriction
Vascular stage; Histamine (hormone) will be produced at the site of injury (redness or rubor and color or calor)
Vasodilation
Vascular stage; Tumor (swelling at the site of injury), dolor or pain, temporary loss of function
Increase capillary permeability
Cellular stage
Margination
Diapedesis
Emigration
Chemotaxis
cellular stage; because of capillary permeability, solid will enter tight capillary walls in order to get to the site of injury
Diapedesis
cellular stage; proteins secreted in site of injury to signal cells
Chemotaxis
WBC will have to go to the site of injury
Positive
WBC moves away from the site of injury (retreats as it is unable to deal with the microorganisms) causing an extension of injury
Negative
Exudative stage (5)
Serous
Sanguinous
Purulent
Serosanguinous
Purosaguinous
Exudative stage; Watery fluid
secretions; blister formation
serous
Exudative stage; blood clotting;
red in color;
sanguineous
Exudative stage; pus formation;
yellow in color (Example: Acne)
purulent
Exudative stage; Watery red
Serosanguinous
Exudative stage; yellow with
red fluid
Purosaguinous
Reparative Stage (3)
Primary Intention or Regeneration
Secondary Intention or Scar Formation
Tertiary Intention or Intentional Delay in Wound Closure
Reparative Stage; damaged cells replaced with original cells
Primary Intention or Regeneration
Reparative Stage; damaged cells replaced with fibrous tissues
Secondary Intention or Scar Formation
Reparative Stage; Insertion of latex for drainage ex. Example: Ruptured appendicitis is placed with a tube for drainage, Jackson Pratt Drain
Tertiary Intention or Intentional Delay in Wound Closure
increase in WBC count in the blood
Leukocytosis
swelling or enlargement of the lymph nodes
Lymphadenopathy
Organs Primarily Involved in GAS
Medulla Oblongata
Reticular Formation
Endocrine Glands
controls vital functions for survival
medulla oblongata
clusters of neuron in the brainstem and spinal cord; connections with sensory and motor parts
reticular formation
supplies hormones functions
Endocrine Glands
stages of GAS
alarm
resistance
exhaustion
alarm stage of GAS
Awareness of stressor
Mobilization of defenses
Increased hormones
Increased Vital Sign
Decreased resistance
SNS predominates
resistance stage of GAS
Adaptation occurs - balance as hormones circulate
Normalization of hormones and Vital Sign
Homeostasis occurs
Increased resistance
PNS predominates
exhaustion stage of GAS
Decreased energy
Breakdown in (-) feedback
mechanism
Damaged organ
Decreased physiological function
Sympatho-Adreno-Medulary Response
Epinephrine and norepinephrine increased body activities (e.g., increased VS depending on what is affected)
Effect of SNS and adrenal medulla on () - Heightened alertness
restlessness because of increased
blood flow
Heightened alertness
restlessness because of increased
blood flow
Effect of SNS and adrenal medulla on () - Increased blood flow in deeper organs; there will be peripheral vasoconstriction (cold and clammy feeling of skin)
blood vessels
Effect of SNS and adrenal medulla on () - Increased rate of pump of blood (heart rate) to accommodate increase in blood flow needed by different organs in response to stress
heart
Effect of SNS and adrenal medulla on () -Dilation of blood vessels will result in the increase of respiratory rate (RR)
lungs
Effect of SNS and adrenal medulla on () -Increase in blood flow (where nutrients, glucose and hormones are found)
skeletal muscles
Effect of SNS and adrenal medulla on () - Increased activity but less utilization of glucose (patient in alarm stage is in a state of hyperglycemia)
pancreas
Anterior Pituitary gland will release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulating the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone and cortisol
Adrenocortical response
hormone; increased blood volume = increased bp = decreased urine output
aldosterone
hormone; Important for metabolism of fats and carbohydrates
cortisol
where glycogenesis happens
liver
is generation of new sugar from fats and proteins
gluconeogenesis
GAS response, Posterior Pituitary secretes ADH which inhibits urine output, Water is absorbed in the body = increased blood volume = increased bp
Neurohypophyseal response
