Assessment of cardiovascular system Flashcards
function of cardiovascular system
generation of blood pressure
2 types of routing blood
pulmonic and systematic
circulation of pulmonic
heart to lungs for oxygenation
circulation of systematic
oxygenated blood for lungs to the body; deoxygenated blood from the body to heart for reoxygenation
ensure one way blood flow
heart valves
regulate the blood supply
sphincters in the blood vessels
where is the heart enclosed
thoracic cavity/ inverted hole
is the point of maximal impulse
apical pulse
where to auscultate when you are asked to take the apical pulse
5th intercostal space
2 types of pericardium
fibrous
serous
pericardium that adheres to the chest wall
fibrous
pericardium that includes parietal and visceral
serous
pericardium that covers the heart
visceral
responsible for the lubrication of the heart
pericardial cavity with pericardial fluid
4 chambers of the heart
right atrium
left atrium
right ventricle
left ventricle
reservoirs of blood or collecting chambers receives blood from either the vena cava or pulmonary veins
atria
major blood pumping chambers which pump blood to the aorta or pulmonary arteries
ventricles
major pumping chamber
left ventricle because of the EXERT OF THE HIGH PRESSURE IN AORTA, and also thicker MYOCARDIUM
oxygenated blood; left or right chamber
left
deoxygenated blood; left or right chamber
right
muscle layer of the heart
myocardium
part between left and right atria and ventricles
septum
is septum open when we are in our mothers womb
yes
is lungs functioning when we are our mothers womb
no
is septum open when we are born
no
is lungs functioning when we are born
yes
pumping of deoxygenated blood to the body will present
cyanosis
pumping of deoxygenated blood to the body the fingers will be
clubbed
prevent regurgitation by ensuring one-way blood flow
heart valves
2 valves of AV
mitral and tricuspid valve
prevents blood from regurgitating to ensure it does not flow from ventricle to atria
mitral and tricuspid valve
2 valves of semilunar
aortic (left ventricle) and pulmonic (right ventricle)
comes from the closure of the heart valves
heart sounds
is the closure of the av valves
lub or S1
is the closure of the semilunar valves
dub or s2
when ventricles contract the av valves should be _____ while the semilunar valves are ______
closed; open
when atria contract the av valves should be _____ while the semilunar valves are ______
open; close
best place to hear aortic valve (intercostal space and border)
2nd intercostal space, right sternal border
best place to hear pulmonic valve (intercostal space and border)
left 2nd intercostal space, left sternal border
best place to hear tricuspid valve (intercostal space and border)
4th intercostal space , left sternal border
best place to hear tricuspid valve (intercostal space and border)
4th intercostal space , left sternal border
best place to hear mitral valve (intercostal space and border)
5th intercostal space, mid clavicular line
best landmark for pulmonary and cardiac assessment is
sternal angle of louis
dub is louder at the (intercostal space and border)
2nd intercostal space, both left and right border (aortic and pulmonic)
lub is louder at the (intercostal space and border)
4th intercostal space, midclavicular line, 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line
skeletal muscles receives % of oxygen when we rest
30
skeletal muscles receives % of oxygen when we exercis
increases to 70
cardiac muscles receives % of oxygen when we rest
70
cardiac muscles receives % of oxygen when we exercise
no increasing
heart muscles receives % of blood while resting
70
heart muscles receives % of blood while exercising
no increasing
responsible for heart rate and heart patent
conduction system
3 characteristics of conduction system
automaticity
conductivity
contractility
characteristics of conduction system; ability to generate an electric impulse automatically
automaticity
characteristics of the conduction system; ability to pass the impulse to the next cell
conductivity
characteristics of conduction system; ability to shorten fibers
contractility
bpm of SA node
60-100
bpm of AV NODE
40
bpm of Purkinje fibers
20
done when heart is already stopped
CPR
done to stop the heart
defibrillation
do we defibrillate when the patient is systole
no
volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle over 1 minute
cardiac output
formula for cardiac output
co = stroke volume x heart rate
amount of blood that is ejected every heartbeat
stroke volume
number of times the heart contract per minute
heart rate
stroke volume depends on (3)
preload, contractility, after load
stretching of muscle fibers in the ventricles
preload
ability of the cardiac muscle to shorten
contractility
the more the cardiac muscles are stretched, the more it will contract
starling law of the heart
the pressure that the ventricular muscles must generate to overcome the higher pressure in the aorta to get the blood out of the heart
afterload
decrease of blood in the brain meaning
dizziness
shortness of breath
dyspnea
if the patient feel that something is pressing on their chest (nakadagan)
coronary heart disease
the body should be elevated at what degrees
30
examiner should stand at the ____ of the patient
right
use ____ light source for deep veins that usually not seen, to best appreciate pulsations
tangential
what to inspect in cardiovascular system
cyanosis
clubbing
respiratory pattern
observe for neck vein distention
chest pulsations
abdominal pulsation
where to inspect for cyanosis when your patient is in the darker side
tongue and mucous membrane
technique for cyanosis
schamroth
thin grayish white arc or circle at the edge of the cornea
arcus senilis
indicative of atherosclerosis
arcus senilis
slightly raised, yellowish, circumscribed plaques in the skin along the nasal area of portion of the eyelids
xanthelasma
due to lipid-filled cells in the dermis, fatty deposition of blood vessels
xanthelasma
caused by staphylococcus aureus
subconjunctival petechiae
causes bacterial endocarditis and can lead to infection of the heart
subconjunctival petechiae
linear reddish-brown lesions in the nail beds, group of 8 streptococcus, sign of bacterial infection
splinter hemorrhages
macular, blanching and non painful lesion caused by streptococcus bovid, leads to heart infection
janeway’s lesion
tender, papulopustules located on the pulp of the fingers caused by staphylococcus areas
osler’s node
does veins have pulsations?
none
where to put the ruler when measuring JVP
sternal angle
used to measure pressure of right atrium
jugular vein distention
normal height for the jugular veins not to be congested
less than 3cm at 45 degree fowler
how to compute for cvp
at 5 cm to the height measured
humming vibrations, can be felt
thrills
murmur like sound of vascular origin
bruit
forceful risings of the landmark area
heaves/lifts
purpose of percussion
determine cardiac border
what intercostal spaces are need to be percussed
5th, 3rd, 2nd from anterior axillary line to left sternal border
percussing the heart should change from
resonance lung to dullness
factors affecting the loudness of S1
LV contraction
Hemorrhage
Open Mitral Valve
heart sounds; closure of av valves
s1
heart sounds; closure of semilunar valves
s2
heart sounds; ventricular gallop
s3
heart sounds; atrial gallop
s4
heart sounds; heard before s1
s4
resting of the heart
diastole
contraction of ventricles
systole
a sound or vibration made by blood flowing through a normal valve or an abnormal valve
murmur
a sound made by blood flowing backwards through a leaking valve
murmur
murmur; there is additional sound that can be heard because of incompetent or stenosed valve
functional
functional valve; loose valves
incompetent
functional valve; hard, constricted valves
stenosed
abnormal murmurs
pathologic
grade of murmurs; very faint, heard only after listener has “tuned in”, may not be heard in all positions
grade 1
grade of murmurs; quiet, but heard immediately after placing the stethoscope on the chest
grade 2
grade of murmurs; moderately loud
grade 3
grade of murmurs; loud with palpable thrill
grade 4
grade of murmurs; very loud with thrill, may be heard when the stethoscope is partly off the chest
grade 5
grade of murmurs; very loud with thrill, may be heard with a stethoscope entirely off the chest
grade 6
