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HCROWD > HCROWD MID 1ST WK > Flashcards

HCROWD MID 1ST WK Flashcards

1
Q

Major events range in focus from sport to entertainment and even cultural
gatherings.

A

Crowd Disasters

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2
Q

A major cause of injury and death are

A

Slips, trips and falls

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3
Q

Stumbling or loss of footing can lead to

A

Trampling

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4
Q

A commonly held view of crowd disasters is the

A

Panic stampede

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5
Q

asserts that a moving crowd mass of people has its own energy

A

John Fruin (1993)

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6
Q

Its isWhen
that energy is impeded by obstacles or funneled into bottlenecks in a venue

A

Crowd rush

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7
Q

The most common causes of crowd rush hazards are

A

Overcrowding and Crushing

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8
Q

excessive numbers of people for the space available

A

Overcrowding

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9
Q

pressing of a mass of people against a fixed solid subject.

A

Crushing

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10
Q

These are a number of crowd actions that may contribute to the overcrowding
of crushing

A

*Surging
* Pushing
* Swaying
* Rushing

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11
Q

a sudden spontaneous pressure wave of people in the same direction

A

Surging

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12
Q

one or more individuals thrusting their way through a crowd

A

Pushing

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13
Q

a lateral movement of a crowd

A

Swaying

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14
Q

a running or rapid movement in one direction.

A

Rushing

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15
Q

is described as enormous physical forces that occur when
people are packed so tightly that their bodies are touching.

A

Crowd turbulence

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16
Q

Crowd turbulence begins usually at an accumulation of more than 5 persons per square meter. T or F

A

FALSE (3)

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17
Q

Because the sensations are a little bit like an earthquake, Crowd turbulence also called?

A

crowd quake.

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18
Q

Key criteria which may jointly characterize a crowd include:

A

Size
Density
Time
Collectively

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19
Q

to be considered a crowd, there must be a sizeable number of people

A

Size

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20
Q

crowd members must be co-located in a particular area with a sufficient but safe,
density distribution.

A

Density

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21
Q

some large gatherings of people, such as those inside an auditorium are relatively
stable in membership for the duration of a prolonged event.

A

Time

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22
Q

in order to be considered a crown, individuals come together as a group, in a
specific location for a specific purpose, for a measurable amount of time.

A

Collectively

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23
Q

four types of crowd

A

Casual Crowds
Conventional Crowds
Expressive Crowds
Aggressive or Hostile Crowds

24
Q

ones which are not organized or unified, but comprise individuals who are
simple in the same place at the same time.

A

Casual Crowds

25
Q

ones which are gathered for a specific purpose or to observe a
specific event, with crowd members who share common interests.

A

Conventional Crowds

26
Q

ones with members who are involved in some form of expressive
behavior, although not in a destructive way, for instance, dancing or signing.

A

Expressive Crowds

27
Q

the pervading atmosphere or tone of a venue or site.

A

“crowd mood”

28
Q

The crowd mood can be influence

A

The environment
The event
The crowd itself

29
Q

proposed that individuals, when submerged as
individuals with responsibility for their own actions, but instead become
anonymous members of a group.

A

Group
Mind Theory

30
Q

describes the process whereby there is a loss of a sense of a socialized individual self-
awareness and evaluation apprehension in crowd situations that foster anonymity
and susceptibility to external cues and to the crows’ motives and emotions.

A

Deindividuation

31
Q

offers an explanation for a crowd’s ability to
spontaneously behave in a socially coherent manner without any apparent pre-
planning, communication or direction

A

social identity model

32
Q

four primary factors which can raise the
probability of crowd disasters occurring

A
  1. Increased force
  2. Lack of information
  3. Space
  4. Time
33
Q

This element is considered in two ways when analyzing crowd effects.

A

Space

34
Q

average area per person that occurs in uncontrolled crowds.

A

critical density

35
Q

type of pedestrian facility involved.

A

particular architectural configuration

36
Q

In unfamiliar surroundings, or unfamiliar circumstances, people will behave
differently; for instance, stopping, and starting more frequently, moving more
slowly, and relying heavily on signage and ushering.

A

Crowd Flow

37
Q

usually preferring the fastest
route.

A

“least effort”

38
Q

If alternative routes are of the same length, individuals choose to take the one
which offers the straightest route, that with the least changes in direction.

A

“law of minimal change”

39
Q

occur when densely packed crowds push forward towards a narrow
door, gate or alleyway

A

Crowd jam

40
Q

Following the choice of site or venue for an event, an immediate task is to assess
the hazards the venue or site may have, its estimated audience, and the production
equipment and process its program will require.

A

Safe Site Design

41
Q

In outdoor settings, control of rodents, snakes, spiders, mosquitoes and insects of
significance to public health must be addressed

A

Environmental Hazards

42
Q

A key site planning consideration is to ensure there is a clear separation between
the movement of the audience and the suppliers of event services. Therefore,
attention must be given to the provision of separated entrances and parking
arrangements for suppliers, staff and performers isolated from those used by the
audience

A

Separation Issues

43
Q

the roadways, parking and gates into and out of the event enclosure

A

Public

44
Q

entrances and exit in constant use throughout the event by service providers,
contractors and stall holders.

A

Service

45
Q

access for staff, security, performers, and VIPs to the backstage and green
room area

A

Backstage

46
Q

clear unimpeded roadways for the rapid ingress and egress of emergency
vehicles to emergency service locations on the site.

A

Emergency

47
Q

A key safety element is the use of signage to communicate information and
instruction to both the event attendees and staff.

A

Event Signage

48
Q

seven types of signage used at an event

A

External to the venue
Internal directional and identification signs
Statutory emergency signage
Hazard warnings
Information signs
Sponsorship and advertising signs
General signs

49
Q

are polyethylene composition containers that are light and
easy to move into position, but when filled with water are able to withstand low
speed vehicle impacts

A

Water-filled barriers

50
Q

often covered with opaque plastic or cloth to give an impression of
solidity.

A

Fences

51
Q

provides an obvious means of deterrence as well as detection,
but take into account the impact of additional lighting on the neighbors.

A

External lighting

52
Q

are required to provide essential information at “decision points” –
locations where attendees make choices or require direction.

A

Sign

53
Q

are needed to provide adequate lighting in case of blackout

A

Back-up generators

54
Q

One of the most hazardous items of equipment commonly located in areas of the
event accessed by the public are those that supply power to site

A

Power Supply

55
Q

There is an obligation to provide treatment for non-life threatening but
distressing injuries suffered by attendees, staff and service providers.

A

On-site First Aid – Emergency
Medical Aid

56
Q

involves ensuring that crowd do not block
entrances, exits or pedestrian flows, and organizing how the crowd is going to be
distributed inside the venue.

A

Crowd management and control

57
Q
A

HCROWD (10 decks)

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