HCM 460- Section 4 Flashcards
Nominal measurement
data that is classified into a number of discrete categories. Color, political party, gender, etc.
Ordinal measurement
student classification, military rank. Consistent with direction, not the magnitude or strength
Interval measurement
if the difference between values have meanings, the data are measured at the Interval sale. Temperature in Fahrenheit or Celsius.
Ratio measurement
data differences that are meaningful and relate to some true zero point and are on a continuous scale. Weight, height, age, Kelvins
Dependent Variable
The outcome variable of research; dependent variables are observed for effects resulting from the influence of another factor, the independent variable(s)
Independent Variable
A variable controlled by the researcher in an attempt to test the effects on some outcome, the dependent variable. Independent variables are also known as treatment variables owing to their manipulation and exposure to groups and individuals at the discretion of the researcher
Correlation coefficients
It is an index of the strength of a relationship between two variables; it ranges in value from +1.00 to -1.00 and can be positive or negative.
+-.8 to+-1.0
very strong relationship
+-.6 to +-.8
strong relationship
+-.4 to +-.6
moderate relationship
+-.2 to +-.4
weak relationship
+-.0 to +-.2
weak to no relationship
Reliability
consist of both an observed score and a true score component. It occurs when a test measures the same thing more than once and the results in the same outcomes.
Reliability formula
Reliability = True score / True score + Error score
Validity
is the quality of test doing what it is designed to do. The test or instruments you are using actually measure what you need to have measured.
Threats to Validity
Internal Validity- Since the comparison groups are non-equivalent , the major threat is selection; Other threats include mortality, and subject and experimenter reactive effects
External Validity- Selection and settings by treatment interaction
Type I error
occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact true; that is, H0 is wrongly rejected. Type I error is often considered to be more serious, and therefore more important to avoid, than type II error.
Type II error
occurs when the null hypothesis H0, is not rejected when it is in fact false. A type II error is frequently due to sample sizes being too small.
If Helen mistakenly accepts her null hypothesis when it should be rejected, what has occurred? A) Type I error B) Type II error C) Researcher bias D) None
B) Type II error
In a study of the effect of pleasure reading on vocabulary level, the vocabulary level is considered what type of variable?
Dependent variable
How is the independent variable different from the dependent variable?
A) The independent variable is manipulated during the experiment to understand the effects of this manipulation on the dependent variable
B) The independent variable is manipulated during the experiment to understand the effects of this manipulation on the independent variable.
C) Dependent and independent variable are only used when researchers are not interested in looking at the effects of one thing on another, but only in how variables may be related.
D) The independent variable is a variable not include in the experiment but it is related to one of the variables in the experiment.
A) The independent variable is manipulated during the experiment to understand the effects of this manipulation on the dependent variable
What type of variable masks the true relationship between the independent and dependent variable? A) Extraneous Variable B) Moderator Variable C) Control Variable D) Neutral variable
B) Moderator Variable
