Harvesting Chemical Energy Flashcards
ATP
Energy currency that acts as a mediator of transfer of energy between anabolic and catabolic reactions - Triphosphate
ADP
DIphosphate
AMP
Monophosphate
What Fuels generate ATP
- Carbohydrates
- Protien
- Fats
ATP cycle
Breaking phosphate groups releases energy
Fate of Glucose
Glucose enters blood via insulin to be stored as glycogen or for cellular respiration
Complex Protiens 1,2,3,4
Assist in transfer of electrons by sitting on inner membrane of mitochondira
Complex protiens 1, 3 , 4 a
Transmembrane (Fully span) protein pumps that transfer hydrogen ions from mitochondira into inter membrane space - NADH is oxidised along here
Complex protien 2
Peripheral protein (Partially embedded) - Isn’t a pump protien as it’s only partially embedded but FADH2 starts oxidation here
What happens in Glycolosis
6 carbon chain of glucose is broken into two 3 carbon pyruvate acids using up 2 ATP in the process - Occurs in cytosol
Glycolosis products
2ATP
2NADH (Electron donor)
Glycolosis phosphoration type
Substrate phosphorylation - no oxygen is needed
What happens in Pyruvate oxidation
Coenzyme A is used to remove a carbon from the pyruvate acid to form into Acetyl CoA and enter mitochondria - CO2 is lost
Pyruvate oxidation products
No ATP
2 NADH per glucose
Pyruvate oxidation phosphorylation type
Oxidative phosphorylation - Oxygen is required
What happens in Citric Acid Cycle
Acetyl CoA releases CO2 which produces many products completing the extraction of energy from glucose - Occurs in mitochondria matrix
Citric acid cycle phosphorylation type
Substrate phosphorylation - Oxygen needed
Products of citric acid cycle
Per glucose:
2ATP
6NADH (Proton donor)
2FADH (Proton donor)
4CO2
Citric acid cycle intermediate
A molecule formed that further reacts to give products are used in metabolic pathways - series of reactants
Substrate phosphorylation
ATP formed by direct transfer of phosphate to ADP
Oxidative phosphorylation
ATP formed from oxidation of NADH and FADH2, and pumping of protons
What happens in the Electron Transport Chain
NADH and FADH2 are oxidised to donate electrons across the complex protiens enabling hydrogen ions to be pumped into intermembrane space
Complez 4 with oxygen
Oxygen pulls electron along the chain until complex 4 where it’s the final electron acceptor
What happens in chemiosmosis
The plentiful hydrogen ions from oxidation of NADH and FADH2, follow concentration gradient down which activates ATP synthase turbine phosphoralising ADP into ATP
Products of electron transfer chain and chemiosmosis
26/28 ATP per glucose
Electrin transfer chain and chemiosmosis phosphorylation type
Oxidative phosphorylation - Requires oxygen
Homeostasis
Maintaining internal and external enviroment in stable conditions
Insulin
Formed from beta cells and promote glucose uptake for ATP
Glucagon
Formed from alpha cells abd breakdown glycogen into glucose for increased blood sugar
Type 1 diabetes
Destroyed Beta cells
Type 2 Diabetes
Insulin resistance due to non functional receptors
Phosphofruktokinase
Enzyme that rate limiting of glycolysis
