harappan archaeology

Question 1

why we called IVC - HARAPPAN cvilisation ?

Answer 1

first site discovered was - harappa

Question 2

IVC AND HARAPPAN CIVILISATION DATES BACK TO -

Answer 2

C. 2600 BCE AND 1900 BCE

Question 3

HARAPPAN CIVILISATION CAN BE DIVIDED INTO -

Answer 3

EARLY
MATURE AND LATE HARAPPAN

THESE HAVE THEIR OWN - SPECIALISED POTTERY AND CRAFTS.
AGRI AND PASTORALIM WAS POPULAR.

Question 4

MATURE H. CULTURE DEVELOP IN SOME AREAS OF -

Answer 4

EARLY HARAPPAN SITES

HAVE similarities including - subsistence strategies

Question 5

popular grains -

Answer 5

wheat, barley ,lentil, chickpea and sesame

Question 6

millets have been found in

modi is from millets

Answer 6

gujrat

Question 7

animals bones founded -

Answer 7

sheep , goat , buffalo, cattle and pig

archaeo zoologist - domestication of these animals
its not clear that IVC acquired them from another communities or hunted them

Question 8

bones of wild animals -

Answer 8

boar , deer and gharial

fish and fowl also founded

Question 9

teracotta models of plough

Answer 9

• cholistan
• banawali(haryana)

Question 10

evidence of ploughed field -

Answer 10

kalibangam - rajasthan
has TWO SETS- 90 deg.
for two crops

early harappan levels

Question 12

soil -most harappan lands

Answer 12

semi arid - need irrigation

Question 13

water reservoirs

Answer 13

gujrat - dholavira

storage of water

Question 14

traces of canals

Answer 14

shortugai - afganistan

Question 15

mohenjodaro was divided into two sections -

Answer 15

smaller +higher[citadel]- mud brick[weatern] platform - physically separated from lower town
larger +lower[lower town]- also walled- [eastern]

• prir planning
• sun dried bricks

Question 16

where citadel and lower town were fortified and separated by wall ?

Answer 16

dholavira
loathal

Question 17

the citadel within —–was not walled off but built at a hight

Answer 17

loathal

Question 18

drains -

Answer 18

• planned
• grid system - 90deg.
• before construction of houses
• every house one wall - drain

Question 19

domestic architecture -

Answer 19

• residential buidings - lower town
• courtyard - centre of activities
• no windows - privacy - ground wall
• main entrance - don’t give direct view
• houses with bathroom
• staircase i second floor
• room for passers

Question 20

wells in mohenjodaro -

Answer 20

700

Question 21

citadel -

Answer 21

• warehouse- only lower brick portion remain
• great bath

Question 22

great bath -

Answer 22

• rectangular tank
• corridor form 4 sides
• two flights of steps on north and south
• watertight by bricks on edge-using mortr of gypsum
• room on three sides - large well
• water - flows to huge tank
• kind ofspiritual bath

Question 23

burials -

Answer 23

• way of making [lined with bricks -some instance]
• contained pottery and ornaments - afterlife
• jewellery - both men and women
• buried with copper and mirrors

Question 24

burial of skull man -

Answer 24

• three shell rings
• jasper [semi precious stone]
• micro beds

overall believed that-harappen don’t believe in burying precious metal

Question 25

looking for'luxuries'

Answer 25

artifacts - 1. utilitarian and luxuries

Question 26

faience ?

Answer 26

ground sand +silica +colour+gum and then fired ## Footnote large settlement like - mohenjodaro

Question 27

devoted to craft production -

Answer 27

chanhudaro ## Footnote *bead making,shellcutting,metal working,seal making and weight making*

Question 28

material used to make beads -

Answer 28

carnelian , jasper , crystal, copper ,gold etc

Question 29

steatite ?

Answer 29

* soft stone * staetite powder

Question 30

how did - carnelian got **red** colour

Answer 30

firing yellowish raw material and beads at different stages

Question 31

specilaised centres of making shell objects -

Answer 31

**nageshwar and balakot**

Question 32

beads centres at - mohenjodaro and harappan

Answer 32

chanhudaro and loathal

Question 33

identify centres of production -

Answer 33

a. raw material b. waste material

Question 35

lapis lazuli -a blue precious stone

Answer 35

shortugai - afganistan

Question 36

copper metal

Answer 36

khetri - rajasthan

Question 37

south india

Answer 37

gold

Question 38

soth rajasthan+north gujrat

Answer 38

steatite

Question 39

cranelian centre

Answer 39

loathal - near baruch in gujrat

Question 40

what suggest **terracotta**

Answer 40

bullock cart - used for tranporation

Question 41

ganeshwara jodhpur culture - with its disnictive

Answer 41

non harappan pottery and unusual non harappan objects

Question 42

copper was probably procurred from

Answer 42

OMAN - south eastern tip[arabian peninsula]

Question 43

both omani and harappan artifact has -

Answer 43

nickle traces

Question 44

a harappan jar founded with -

Answer 44

thick layer of black clay - omani sites

Question 45

mesopotamian texts mention - contact region -

Answer 45

**dilmum**-island of bahrain **Magan and meluhha**

Question 46

enigmatic script -

Answer 46

it was not alphabetical - where each sign stanads for a vowel or a consonant - b/w 375 and 400 ## Footnote **written right to left**

Question 47

weights -

Answer 47

**stone - chert** regulated system lower denominations - binary higher denomination - decimal system

Question 48

ancient authority -

Answer 48

- uniformity in seals,weights and bricks - complex decisions

Question 49

places and kings -

Answer 49

'priest king' mesopotamia - harappan - paralles **different assumptions-** no ruler city - specific authority a single ruling suthority

Question 50

when did most mature harappan sites were abandon ?

Answer 50

- c. 1800 bce - cholistan abandon - few were occupies after = 1900 bce ## Footnote *expansion new settlement - gujrat , haryana and up -late harappan*

Question 51

cotton presence founded through

Answer 51

indirect evidences

Question 52

problems of interpretation

Answer 52

* religious- teracotta figure -headdresses'mother goddess' * cross legges yogic position - shiva * one horned animal - unicorn '

Question 53

fire altars founded in -

Answer 53

kalibangam and lothal

Question 54

1875

Answer 54

report of alexandar cunnigam 'harappan seal'

Question 55

1921

Answer 55

MS VATS - EXCAVATION HARAPPAN

Question 56

1925

Answer 56

MOHENJODARO EXCAVATION

Question 57

1946

Answer 57

REM WHEELER - HARAPPAA

Question 58

1955

Answer 58

SR RAO - LOTHAL EXCAVATION

Question 59

1960

Answer 59

BB LAL AND BK THAPAR - KALIBANGAM - EXCAVATION

Question 60

1974

Answer 60

MR MUGHAL - BAHAWALPUR

Question 61

TEAM OF GERMAN AND ITALIAN - MOHENJODARO

Answer 61

1980

Question 62

AMERICANS IN HARAPPA

Answer 62

1986

Question 63

RS BISHT - EXCAVATION DHOLAVIRA

Answer 63

1990

Question 64

evidence of invasion - by john marshall [mohenjodaro and IVC -1931]

Answer 64

- deadman lane - 3 to 6 feet -westward - askull and bones of thorax and upper arm -4ft 2inch. - 16 skeleton - ornaments - mohenjodaro - 1925 - 1947 =REM Wheeler[DG]-rigveda -

Question 65

rigveda mentions - "pur"-fort of stronghold - aryan war god called

Answer 65

"PURAMDARA

Question 66

who questioned massacre in mohenjodaro evidence -

Answer 66

grorge dales - 1960s ## Footnote he said - skeleton did not belong to same period

Question 67

first DG of ASI

Answer 67

alaexandra cunningam - [6 century bce - 4 th century ce]

Question 68

who discovered harapppan seals in - 20 th c.

Answer 68

daya ram sahni

Question 69

who found seals in mohenjodaro ?

Answer 69

RAKHAL DAS BANERJEE

Question 70

JOHN MARSHALL - DG . WHEN ?

Answer 70

1924 ## Footnote 1. First professional archaeologist . 2. stratiagraphy

Question 71

REM WHEELER

Answer 71

- DG - 1944 - FOLLOWED -stratiagraphy of the mound