Agrarian relations : the AIN-I-AKBARI Flashcards
IN 16TH AND 17TH POPULATION ENGAGED IN
85 %
ABOUT AIN I AKBARI
- WRITTEN BY ABDUL FAZL
- DETAILED REVENUE REPORTS : GUJRAT , MAHARASTRA AND RAJASTHAN DATING BACK TO 17-18TH C.
EXCERPT FROM THE BABUR NAMA ABOUT IRRIGATION DEVICES IN NORTHERN INDIA
- IN LAHORE, DILAPUR : PEOPLE WATER BY MEANS OF A WHEEL, WHEEL WELL .
- IN AGRA , CHANDWAR , BAYANA [IN U.P]
WATER WITH BUCKET.
TERM USED FOR PEASANT [MUGHAL PERIOD]
RAIYAT [PLURAL,RAIYA]
OR MUZARIAN
* ALSO CALLED : ASAMI OR KISAN
THE SOURCES REFERED TO TWO KIND OF PEASANTS :
- KHUD-KHASTA
- pahi kashta
KHUD-KHASTA
- land in village where they lived
pahi kashta
non resident cultivators
who belong to some other village
northern irrigation technology -
- digging of new canals - nahr,nala
- shahnahr- punjab during shah jahan’s reign.
- wooden plough with a iron tip
two major seasonal cycle: kharif and rabi [do fasla]. they also encourage commercial crops :
- cotton and sugarcane were jin i kamil- means perfect crops in mughal sources.
- cotton was grown over a vast swathe of territory - central india and deccan plateau
- bengal - sugar
maize reached indian subcontient through
world
portuguese introduced
potato, tomato and chilies
about tobacco -
- first in the deccan spread to northern india - 17 c.
- akbar came across tobacoo in - 1604
- hookah or chillums
- jahangir - banned it
the village community consists of three things
- cultivators
- panchayat
- headman - ‘muqaddam’ or ‘ mandal’
who are ‘‘halalkhoran’’
scavengers- live outside the village
headman in village panchayat
- mixed panchayad havoong all commmunities also there
- fund were alllocated for mergency
- headman lookk after all laws and fund related issues
- one who violate jati or caste laws was punished
- separate jatis too have their own community panchayat
village artisians
- 25 %
- in maharastra land became the artisians ‘miras’ or ‘watan’- their hereditary holding
- adopted negotiated system of renumeration = in bengal zamindar renumerated them by - small daily alllowance -jajmani system
- 19th c. - british sees village as little republic
who are’‘shroff’’
17th - french traveller[jean baptise traverneir]
moneychanger - shroff
* act as bankers
[cowrie]shells
women in agragrian society
- . They worked alongside men in the fields, performing tasks such as sowing, weeding, threshing, and winnowing the harvest.
- For instance, menstruating women were often prohibited from touching the plough or the potter’s wheel in some regions of western India. Artisanal tasks like spinning yarn, sifting and kneading clay for pottery, and embroidery depended greatly on female labor.
- . High mortality rates among women led to practices like bride price instead of dowry, and remarriage was legally sanctioned for divorced and widowed women
- Among the landed gentry, women had the right to inherit property and were active in the rural land market as sellers of property inherited by them
- known in the name of husband
- was second to male .
what terms used for forest and sscrubland
forest- jungle
scrubland - kharbandi
* a place for refuge - mawas
* forest dewellers - jhangli
the ………levied on forest people to assure elephants supply
peshkash
zamindars land
milkiyat
certain services provided - khidmat
* have their own - fortress[qilachas]
* haven own army
* brahmana rajput - firm control in rural india
land revenue system -
- office - daftar and diwan - reponsible
- two stages - assesment and actual amt. collected ‘
- jama- amt assessed
- hasil - amt collected
