Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Haematology > Haematological Malignancies > Flashcards

Haematological Malignancies Flashcards

(56 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Most common childhood cancer

A

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Epidemiology of acute myeloid leukaemia

A

more common in elderly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Difference between “acute” and “chronic” leukaemiad

A

both are proliferation of abnormal blood cell progenitors
in acute types there is also a block to maturation/differentiation
This does not occur in the chronic types.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

characteristics of a ‘blast’

A

high nuclear to cytoplasmic ration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Auer rod

A

seen in acute myeloid leukaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how are leukaemias investigated

A 
Blood count and film
Coag screen
Marrow aspirate
Immunophenotype - definitive diagnosis
Cytogenetics - prognostic significance
Trephine biopsy (piece of bone) better assessment and helpful is aspirate sub optimal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is immunophenotyping

A

uses flow cytometry to look at what proteins (antigens) are present on the cell surface using antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the curative treatment of ALL

A

chemotherapy lasting up to 2-3 years

induction, consolidation, intensification and maintenance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Decribe the curative treatment of AML

A

intensive
2-4 cycles of chemo (5-10 days of chemo followed by t-4 weeks recoveraly)
prolonged hospitalisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how is chemo administered

A

via a hickman line (central venous catheter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what type of bacteria usually causes neutropenic sepsis

A

gram negatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

name the complications associated with marrow supression in leukaemias

A

anaemia
neutropenia
thrombocytopenia - bleeding, purpura, petechia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

complications of chemotherapy

A 
nausea and vomiting
hair loss
liver, renal dysfunction
tumour lysis syndrome
loss of fertility
cardiomyopathy with antracyclines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is tumour lysis syndrome

A

a group of metabolic abnormalities that can occur as a complication during the treatment of cancer,[1] where large amounts of tumor cells are killed off (lysed) at the same time by the treatment, releasing their contents into the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is APML

A

acute promyelocytic leukaemia- associated with specific translocation and DIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how does chemo/radiothearpy work

A

damages cells as they are dividing

cell recognises damaged beyond repair so undergoes apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

which genetic conditions have an increased risk of haematoligcal malignancies (leukaemia)

A

downs

klinefleters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what type of cells does chronic lymphocytic leukaemia usually affect

A

b cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is seen on blood film of CLL and is pathoneumonic

A

smear cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

treatment of CLL

A

watchful waiting
supportive
chemo
rituximab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is ricter syndrome

A

transformation of CLL to high grade B cell lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

name the myeloproliferative disorders

A

polycythaemia rubra vera
Essential thrombocythemia
Myelofibrosis
CML

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

symptoms of polycythaemia

Study These Flashcards
A

headaches, visual distrubances, vascular events, erythromylagia, gout, itching classically after shower or bath - due to increased histamine release

24
Q

treatment of polycythaemia

Study These Flashcards
A

venesection
aspirin
hydroxyurea

25
what is polycythaemia
myeloproliferative disorder in which there is increase roduction of red blood cells
26
what is ET
increased megakaryocytes - increased platelets
27
how is ET treated
antiplatelets | hydroxyurea
28
what is myelofibrosis
also increased megakaryocity production but leads to bone marrow fibrosis and inefective erythropoesis no increased platelets like in ET
29
"tear drop poikilocytes"
myelofirosis
30
treatment of myelofibrossi
bone marrow transplant
31
philidelphia chromosome
CML | translocation of BCR - ABL chromosomes 22 and 9.
32
specific treatment of CML
tyrosine kinase inhibitor - imatinib
33
most common type of lymphoma
non hodgkins (80 percent) - usually b cell
34
name types of t cell lymphoma
cutaneous (mycosis fungoides) | enteropathy (in coeliac)
35
reed sternberg cells
hodgkins lymphoma
36
most common type of hodgkins
nodular sclerosing
37
staging of lymphoma
1 - one site of lymphadenopaty e.g. neck 2 - two sites on same side of diapgragm e.g. neck and axilla 3. - two or more sites on different sides of diaphragm e.g. neck and groin 4. - widespread extra nodal involvement multiple sites
38
what is myeloma
cancer affecting plasma cells - disease characterised by abnormal monoclonal antibody formation (para proteins)
39
what type of antibodies affected in myeloma
IgG
40
bence jones proteins
myeloma
41
myeloma symptoms
lytic bone lesions due to increased osteoclast activity hypercalcaemia renal failure bone marrow faillure - anaemia and neutropenia
42
blood film in myeloma
rouleux
43
raised ESR + osteoporosis
myeloma until proven otherwise
44
treatment of myeloma
supportive - hydrate, bisphosphates, local radiotherrapy, EPO and transfusions life prolonging - prednisilone and bone marrow transplant
45
typical sites of bone lesions in myeloma
vertebrae skull ribs
46
investigation of leukaemia
FBC and blood film marrow aspirate/biopsy immunophenotyping cytogenetics - prognosis
47
investigation of lymphoma
FBC and blood film ultrasound and excisional biopsy immunohistochemistry - to subclassify e.g. CD 20 positice in NHL and CD30 positive reed sternberg cells in hodgkins immunophenotyping
48
what is seen on electrophoresis of serum protein in myeloma
a large narrow spinke in gamma region - - due to increased monoclonal antibodies - IgG
49
investigation of myeloma
``` serum protein electrophoresis serum light chain assay bone marrow examination urin protein eletrophoresis xrays of the bones ```
50
describe the process of b cell maturation
b cell identifies antigen in circulation and moves to lymph node (naive b cell) enters mantle zone (mantle cell) enters germinal centre (centroblast --> centrocyte) enters marginal zone (marginal) enters circulation (plasma cell)
51
give the types of lymphoma arising from each stage of b cell
``` naive - small lymphcytic mantle - mantle centroblast - diffuse large b cell centrocyte - follicular marginal - marginal ```
52
give the high grade lymphomas
burkitts diffuse large b cell mantle more curable
53
give the low grade lymphomas
small lymphocytlc follicular marginal less curable
54
which lymphoma is associated with EBV
burkitts
55
type types of non hodgkins
classical | nodular sclerosing
56
most common type of NHL
nodular sclerosing

Haematology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions