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Haematology > Constituents of blood and haemopoiesis > Flashcards

Constituents of blood and haemopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?

A

A specialised fluid (technically a tissue) composed of cells suspended in a liquid know as plasma

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2
Q

What are three broad categories of cells in blood

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

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3
Q

What are the types of white cells

A 
Monocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basphils
Lymphocytes
NK cells
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4
Q

What are the three main functions of blood

A

Fight infection - white cells
Transport oxygen- red cells
Prevent bleeding- platelets

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5
Q

What is haemopoiesis?

A

the production of blood cells

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6
Q

What is the derivative cell of all blood cells

A

Pluripotent stem cells

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7
Q

Where does haematopoises occur in an adult

A

Bone marrow - in the skull, ribs, sternum, pelvis and proximal femur

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8
Q

Where does haematopoiesis occur in an embryo

A

Yolk sac then liver

3-7 months = spleen

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9
Q

Where does haematopoiesis occur at birth

A

Mostly bone marrow, liver and spleen

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10
Q

What happens to the bone marrow from birth to adulthood

A

Number of active sites in bone marrow which produce blood cells decreases but retain ability to undergo haematopoiesis

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11
Q

What happens to stem cells so that they can make blood

A

They proliferate and differentiate into the different types of specialised blood cells in the ‘haematopoietic tree’
Stem cells must self renew also

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12
Q

At what stage of the haemopoietic tree can stem cells no longer renew back into stem cells and they instead must differentiate into blood cells

A

When they are multipotent progenitors

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13
Q

What are the stages f erythropoiesis

A 
Pronormoblast
Basophilic/early normoblast
Polychromatophilic/intermediate normoblast
Othochromatic/late normoblast
Reticulocyte
Mature red cell/erythrocyte
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14
Q

How do platelets form

A

By budding off the membrane of giant cells (megakaryocytes_

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15
Q

What are granulocytes

A

A group of white blood cells characterised by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. Named in accordance with their uptake of stains eg eosin and basic dyes

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16
Q

Name the granulocytes

A

Eosinophils
Basophils
Neutrophils
(Mast cells)

17
Q

What is the morphology of a neutrophil

A 
Segmented nucleus (polymorph)
Neutral staining granules
18
Q

What is the function of neutrophils

A 
Short life in circulation - move in to tissues in response to appropriate signal
Phagocytose invaders
Die in the process
Kill with granule contents
Attract other immune cells
19
Q

What increases the level of neutrophils in the blood

A

Infection
Trauma
Infarction

20
Q

What is the morphology of eosinphils

A

Usually bi lobed

Bright orange/red granules

21
Q

What is the function of eosinophils

A

Fight parasitic infction

Hypersensitivity eg in asthma, atopic rhinitis and allergic reactions

22
Q

What is the structure of basophils

A

Infrequent in circulation

Large deep purple granules obscuring nucleus

23
Q

What is the function of a basophil

A

Circulating version of a mast cell.
Hypersensitivity
Fc receptors bind IgE
Contain histamine in their granules

24
Q

What is the structure of monocytes

A

Large single nucleus which stains faintly, often vacuolated

25
Q

What is the function of monocytes

A 
Circulate for a week and enter tissues to become macrophages
Phagocytose invades
Present antigen to lymphocytes
Attract other cells
Longer lived than neutrophils
26
Q

What is the structure of lymphocytes

A

Mature- small with condensed nucleus and rim of cytoplasm
Activated- large with plentiful blue cytoplasm extending round neighbouring red cells on the film, nucleus more ‘open’ structure

27
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes

A

Lots of types - B cells, T cells, NK cells
Cognate response to INFECTION
Brain of the immune system

Haematology (21 decks)

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