Haematological Cancers Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

lifespan of a neutrophil

A

7-8 hours

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2
Q

what is a blast?

A

nucleated precursor cells (erythroblasts and myeloblasts)

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3
Q

platelet precursor

A

megakaryocyte

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4
Q

what regulates platelet production?

A

thrombopoietin, a glycoprotein produced by the liver and kidney

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5
Q

what is a reticulocyte?

A

immediate red cell precursor (polychromasia)

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6
Q

what is a myelocyte?

A

nucleated precursor between neutrophils and blasts

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7
Q

development events in haemopoiesis

A
self-renewal
proliferation
differentiation
maturation
apoptosis
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8
Q

define pluripotency

A

ability to differentiate into a specific type of lineage of blood cell

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9
Q

which layer of the embryo do HSC originate?

A

mesoderm

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10
Q

sites of haematopoiesis in the embryo

A

yolk sac
liver starts at week 6
bone marrow at week 16

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11
Q

when is the cellularity of bone marrow highest?

A

when born and decreases with age

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12
Q

IgM

A

recent infection

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13
Q

IgG

A

past infection

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14
Q

what are immunoglobulins?

A

antibodies produced by B cells from plasma cells

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15
Q

what are immunoglobulins made up of?

A
2 heavy (μ, α, δ, γ, ε) 
2 light chains (κ or λ)
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16
Q

role of immunoglobulins

A

each recognises a specific antigen due to the presence of their variable region

17
Q

immunoglobulins that are monomers

A

IgD
IgE
IgG

18
Q

immunoglobulins that are dimer

A

IgA

19
Q

immunoglobulins that are pentamer

A

IgM

20
Q

where do B cells go once out of the bone marrow?

A

germinal centre of the lymph node where it enters and improves the fit by somatic mutations or it is deleted (self)

21
Q

where does the B cell go after the germinal centre?

A

may go to the marrow as a plasma cell or circulate as memory B cell

22
Q

what do plasma cells produce?

A

antibodies

23
Q

what do plasma cells look like on blood film?

A

clock face nucleus
plentiful blue cytoplasm
pale perinuclear area (golgi apparatus)

24
Q

what causes a polyclonal increase in immunoglobulins?

A

infection
AI
malignancy
liver disease

25
Q

what does monoclonal increase in immunoglobulins indicate?

A

underlying problems

26
Q

what is monoclonal immunoglobulins called?

A

paraprotein (used as a marker for underlying disease)

27
Q

causes of paraproteinaemia

A
myeloma
MGUS
amyloidosis
lymphoma
plasmacytoma
CLL
Waldenstrom's
28
Q

methods used to detect immunoglobulins

A
  1. serum electrophoresis

2. serum immunofixation

29
Q

what is serum electrophoresis

A

separates proteins based on size and charge which appear as bands

30
Q

what is serum immunofixation?

A

classified abnormal protein bands seen on electrophoresis

31
Q

what is the Bence Jones Protein (BJP)?

A

immunoglobulin light chains detected by urine electrophoresis

32
Q

how is the BJP detected?

A

urine electrophoresis

33
Q

what causes BJP?

A

excess light chain production cause it to leak into the urine and precipitate into the BJP