H2 Flashcards
When a dry piece of wood is exposed to moisture, the cell walls absorb moisture until they become totally saturated and can hold no more. What is this called?
Fiber Saturation Point, or FSP.Once FSP is reached, additional moisture accumulates in the cell cavities as free water.FSP is reached at mc % of 25% to 30%
Which holds its strength longer in a fire situation would or steel
Wood
This part of Treewood is darker than other wood structures. Composed of dead cells with natural Tannins and resins it is more durable and less susceptible to decay then other wood structures. its main function is to give the tree structural support
Heart wood
What should be done when installing joist hangers for engineered floors
Double check to make sure the correct hardware as per the engineer
A cup is formed when a…. Grain board dries out
Flat green
Why is it easy to make a 4’ x 12 ‘ sheet of OSB but difficult to make it from plywood?
OSB is manufactured in very large sheets over 12 ‘ x 12 ‘ whereas logs for plywood are cut just over 8’
What grade plywood is used for sheathing if it’s sanded
Sheathing grade
What happens when wood is exposed to atmospheric change?
Swelling or shrinkage occurs
The outer bark of a tree consists of quirky layer material and can grow up to how thick
300mm
What is a powder post beetlew
The bore round holes 2 to 3 mm in diameter inside the wood. their tunnels are filled with sawdust and excrement. Sapwood with a high moisture content in shaded areas is especially susceptible to attack.
What is a western subterranean termite?
Feeds on wood and consequently can be very destructive to wooden structures. Live in wood in contact with the soil but will travel inside spec mud tube to feed on the wood above the soil. Mostly damaging basements at ground level.
What is shear strength in a nail?
The ability to resist lateral movement.Ex a ledger which supports a deck joist must be able to resist.EX Hangar nails with thick shank
What % of Moisture does BC code allow for Framing Lumber?
19% max Either Kiln dries or air dried.
An S-GRN board of 8, 10 or 12 has an actual size of how much?
1/2” less
Which products have been made from the waste of lumber production or utilize smaller diameter logs?
Particle board, wafer board, dense fiberboard, laminated veneer lumber, glue laminated beams, parallel strand lumber beams, oriented strand board and plywood.
Compared to steel or concrete wood demonstrates as a
Good insulator
Two reasons to use a coated nail are:
1) Prevents corrosion 2) better holding power
When wood dries, when does shrinkage occur?
It does not take place until all the free water is gone from the cell cavities.
What is the first step when choosing framing hardware?
To determine the type of material being used.
What is the density of concrete
2400 kg/m³
What type of sign produces flat grain lumber?
Plane sawing
List four grades used with lumber classifies as light framing
Construction, standard, utility, economy
What is a check?
A separation of the wood, which normally occurs across or through the rings of annual growth. It’s usually the result of seasoning when there is uneven shrinkage.
What is pitch
The accumulation of resinous material. it usually collects when wood in the tree is damaged by wind or lightning
Before harvest logs are milled, what happens to them?
They are washed with high-pressure jets and then de-barked.
what size and spacing must be used to nail the double top plate to the top plate on a wall
3” nails at 24” o.c. or walls with studs sat 16” o.c. nails are placed at stud location to keep out of way for plumbing and wiring
What insects leaves piles of sawdust and makes wrestling sounds in walls
Carpenter ants
Name nine species Of wood that are readily available
Douglas fir, western larch, western, hemlock, Pacific Coast cypress, eastern larch, jack pine, lodgepole pine, sitka spruce and western red cedar
Where is machine stress-rated lumber used?
Critical members are engineered using wood-trusses.
What does the outer bark do
This quirky material is composed entirely of dead cells. It’s function is to protect the tree from pests, disease and damage
What happens in a diamonding defect?
The sides of timber are no longer square to each other.
What does “S-GRN” stand for?
Surfaced green
The colour is from a creamy white to a light pinkish tinge. There is a little difference between the hardwood and softwood, but a considerable difference between the Springwood and Summerwood. The wood is straight Grand and strong for for its weight to strength ratio. It’s ideal wood for ladders and Scaffolding after seasoning there is no taste or order. Light in weight, moderately stiff, moderately
Sitka sproue
What is brown rot
It attacks the cellulose material that makes up the walls of oneself, and eventually it reduces the affected wood to brittle, brownish material.
Diamonding
Is it change in the shape of a timber and is due to unequal shrinkage. The sides of the timber are no longer Square to each other
What is the relationship between wood and moisture?
All the properties of wood are affected by its MC, it can change in thickness and width due to it’s MC
what is sawn lumber
Lumber that is cut from logs
Benefits of a box nail
They have a smaller diameter Shank but this weekend’s both their sheer and holding power are used when nailing into thin wood to prevent splitting
What are some disadvantages of using Wood
-It swells and shrinks when the moisture content in the atmosphere changes.-it is likely to rot or be invaded by insects-flammable-it is not uniform in composition ex: has knots and different speeds of growth affect its strength
What are actual dimensions of lumber vs nominal
.5 “ less for 2”-6”8,10,12 is 3/4 “ less
What is water in a cell wall called?
Bound water
What is Pacific Coast yellow cedar noted for
It’s resistance to acids and DEcay
Planks are cut in half across there with with a band saw this changes S4s plane to
S1S2E
Name four species of wood that have very little or no taste or odor
Spruce, some species of pine, balsam fir ,Alpine fur
What is compression wood
Abnormal wood that forms on the underside of leaning and crooked coniferous trees. it is characterized by hardness,brittleness, and a relatively lifeless appearance. It’s color is easily distinguished from that of normal wood. Lumber with this defect is not permitted if the defect can be readily seen, or if it rates potentially damaging in the stress grades, or if it is specifically listed as unacceptable
Flat grain or plains on boards are cut along the tangentical face and which way do they tend to cup
They tend to cup away from the center as they lose moisture
What is a pitch?
A pitch is the accumulation of resinous material. It usually collects when wood in the tree is damaged by wind or lighting.
What quality must framing hardware have when used with preservative treated lumber?
Corrosion resistant.
The sapwood region of softwood trees contains specialized cells which move sap through tiny openings called pits. what are they called?
Tracheids
How long does it take to grow a mature tree for suitable use as lumber
40 to 100 years
How you know Western subterranean termites are in your building
Western subterranean Termites live in wood in contact with the soil but will travel inside specially-constructed mud tubes to feed on wood above the soil. Most of the damage is confined to wood in basements and at ground levelThey are winged termites and are about 10 mm long and have black bodies and long pale wings
When a new layer of wood is added to the diameter of the tree every season, they are called?
Annual growth rings.
what kinds of finish and paint can you use on wood?
It holds very well if it is dry. it is easy to paint, stain and varnish.both oil base and latex based paint can be used on wood
How long does it take for wood to mature to a size that it can be harvested for lumber?
40 to 100 years
What is Rot fungus
It feeds on both the contents of the cells and the cell walls themselves and breaks large holes in the cell walls and holes cause the wood to deteriorate.
What is a pith shake?
A pith shake extends through the growth rings from or through the pith towards surface of a piece.Pith shake, heart shake, star shake or heart check.
What can cause weakness in a board?
Loose knots
When does wood shrink
When it dries
How can wooden structures be made fire-resistant?
Using other materials over wood such as plaster or gypsumboard panels.
What is a toeredo worm?
Destructive pest of submerged timber. Softwood can become riddled with tunnels within months of being in salt water
This layer is made up of extremely thin regions of living cells located between the inner bark and the sapwood. In this region the new cells making up the bulk of the tree or form cells are used by the tree to create new sapwood and new inner bark.
Cambium layer
What is the density, relative to water, for a hemlock log that sinks to the bottom of a lake?
Greater than 1.0 kg/M cubed
What is the coverage in the width for T/G plywood floor teething
47 1/2
Which hold its strength longer in fire situations, wood or steel?
Wood.
What does painted edge on OSB do?
Protect from moisture.
How long does it take for wood to mature to a size size that it can be harvested
From 40 to 100 years
List four grades used lumber classified as structural choice and planks
Select structural, number one, number two, number three
Which insect travels in specially constructed mud tunnels?
Western subterranean termite
Two basic types of sheathing panel
Wafer board, osb, plywood
What does Heartwood consist of
Dead cells formed by a series of chemical changes Heartwood color deep deepens as natural tannins and resin darker. These tannins and resins make Heartwood more durable and less common to decay
Describe cross banding
Is when layers of veneer and plywood are manufactured in right angles to one another
What is dry rot?
Dry rot infects trees after they are felled and can continue to thrive after the lumber-drying process. Dry rot often turns up after wood is put into service in poorly ventilated areas such as cavities beneath floors.
What does S-GRN stand for?
Surface Green
These long narrow structures appear as fine lines on the surface of the cross-section of a tree trunk or branch their purpose is to conduct food and moisture laterally across the trunk or branches
RAYS
What is the benefits of edge grain lumber
They do not suffer as much distortion when exposed to changes in moisture content
What is the abbreviation to know if Lumber has been surfaced after it’s been kiln-dried
S-DRY
What are three main causes of manufacturer defects in lumber
Improper seasoning techniques, improper handling, improper storage
Where is water found within the wood?
Within the cell cavity(Free water) and in the fibres of the cell walls.(bound water)
Similar to LVL, except instead of full sheets of veneer, strands of veneer are laid in parallel formation and glued together. Same use as LVL.
What is Parallel Strand lumber?
What is a split in a board
Separation of wood which happens when wood cells Tear apart
when must you use rigid foam insulation to fill wall cavities?
when you cant configure studs to allow for insulation to be put in after the roof is on.
What is dry rot
It survives the drying processIt occurs in wood surfaces that are in contact with damp wallsThe name dry rot arises from the condition which infected what is reduced. The wood breaks into dry brown cubes, which crumble to fine dust under finger pressure.
What is brown rot?
Brown rot attacks the cellulose that makes up the walls of the wood cell. Reduces wood to brittle, brownish material.Not persists after wood dies
What is a sound knot or live not
It is formed from a live branch. It starts out as a bud on the side of the treetrunk and as it develops successive layers of wood cover it. As a result both trunk and branch increasing girth at roughly the same rate as long as the branch remains alive it’s outer growth rings remain fused to the adjoining Trunk. and even after the tree is cut into planks the knot can be depended on to remain in place
What is sapwood and where is it located
It’s between hardwood and cambium layer.The main function of sapwood is to carry sap, water, nutrition from the roots to leaves and cones
This region of the tree consists of light coloured, commercially valuable wood. Its function is to conduct sap upward from the roots to the crown of the tree.
Sapwood.
What is the density of Douglas fir
400 to 480kg/m3
An S-GRN board of 2-4” has an actual dimension how much smaller?
7/16”
In what location is a column Anchorage especially important
Locations were high winds can create extreme uplifting forces
What is the limit of spacing in framing members in balloon framing
24 inches
What is a structural strap used for?
Wall bracing
Wood used in construction must be uniform in size and grade, who regulates the sizes and grades?
NLGA - National Lumber Grade Authority
What are three common types of rot?
White Rot, Brown rot, and dry rot
What is machine gouge
A groove cut by the machine below the desired line
This structure of the tree is an extremely thin region of living cells which is responsible for the formation of millions of new cells produced by a tree each year. the cells produced by this structure form other structures which make up the bulk of the tree
Cambium layer
Does Brown Rot occur after the wood has been dried?
Most does not.
Why is balloon-frame construction only used in special situations
It is very time-consuming
How does decay occur? (rot)
All decay results from the invasion of a single class of plant called Fungi. Once MC% is less than 20, no further rot occurs but the wood will remain damaged.
What is sap stain fungus
It turns the wood blue but has no effect on the structural strength because it feeds on the contents of the wood cells without damaging the walls
List the four grades used with lumber classified as “structural joists and planks”
Select Structural, #1, #2 and #3.
In which application wood a knot be considered an asset
When it is in Knotty Pinewall paneling where knots lend a decorative quality to the final product
What is the difference between a loose knot and a tight knot
A loose knot is a dead not which has completely come loose and there is a hole in the board a tight knot is still the separate piece of dead branch still in the board.
These structures consist of concentric cirlces or rings, which are visible on a cross sectional cut of a new trunk or branch. They can be used to determine the age of a tree and eventually they form the wood grain pattern when a log is sawn into boards.
Annual growth rings.
Glue laminated Timbers
Glulams are boards often 2x4 2x6 laid on flat and glued together to form a beam column they are produced in curved shapes, offering design flexibility and the BC building code includes plan tables and part 9 for glue laminated beams and lentils
What are four insects that damage wood
Carpenter ants western subterranean termitesPacific dampwood termitesPowder-post beetles
Which sides of rough lumber are surfaced?
They are machined on all 4 sides at once with a planer.
What 2 features do T&G have to help them resist water damage?
Painted edges, drainage holes along the tongue
Where does the greatest shrinkage take place in a piece of wood
In it’s width and thickness
Which type of frame construction is also known as Eastern frame construction
Balloon-frame construction
What angle must the grain be to be considered edge grain?
Greater than 45 degrees
In which type of framing construction are the studs 18 feet long and extend from the concrete at the bottom right to the top of the second floor walls
Balloon-fame construction
Which species of wood is considered to be free from resins
Western hemlock
What species of wood has a deep, warm brown color
Oh yeah Western red cedar
What is hardboard?
Denser than MDF, made from exploded wood fibers that are glued togetherUsed for clipboards, pegboards and drawer bottoms
What is Chip Marks
Shallow depressions or indentations on the surface of dressed lumber. They occur during dressing when shavings or chips become embedded in the surface
Water in the cell cavity is called bound water or free water?
Water in the cell cavity is called “Free water”
The building is made of wood and masonry what needs to happen
A space must be left at the top of the masonry veneer so that as the wood shrinks it will not be damaged since the masonry is stronger
Quite light and colour, and except for some Pines, have no to little odour or taste after being seasoned
Spruce, Pine, Balsam Fir, Alpine fir
What is the pith shake
It is also known as a heart-shake, star shake, or heart check it extends through the growth rings from or through the path towards the surface of the piece. it can be distinguished from the season check by the fact that the greatest width of the season check in the pith- centered piece is farthest from the pith
What is a ring shake or cup shake
The split which occurs between the growth rings and partially or wholly in circles the pith
What is Waferboard?
Waferboard looks similarused for floor, wall and roof sheathing, but not as strong as OSB 0-2
What is Sap-strain dungus?
Stap stain fungus causes wood to turn blue but has no effect on structural strength.Feeds on the contents of the wood cells without damaging.
In a stack of lumber, which boards are less likely to be warped?
Boards at the bottom of the stack, under weight of the other boards.
The region of the tree consists of light color commercially valuable wood. It’s function is to conduct sap upwards from the roof to the crown of the tree
Sapwood
Which species of wood is considered to be free from resins
Western hemlock
What kind of fasteners must be used when using acq treated lumber
Corrosion resistant
how are bottom or sole plates attached to joists or blocking?
nailed through the subfloor sheathing at 16” o.c. with 3.25 nails
What is the benefit of balloon framing
The lack of shrinkage and settling
In which type of framing construction are the second floor Joists resting on a ledger that is carved into the walls
Balloon-frame construction
Which grain of wood will shrink more along it’s width, Edge Grain or Flat Grain?
Edge grain will resist wear better.
When wood dries, shrinkage does not take place until when?
All the *FREE* water is gone from the cells.
Bright finished nails are used for what?
GC, including framing and sheathing. Rust in weather.
How is lumber treated at the mill?
Due to tight packaging and moisture present, lumber is often surface treated at the mil to give cosmetic protection from mold and sap stains.
IN what locations is column anchorage especially important?
Locatiosn where high winds can create extreme up-lifting forces.
Which insect leaves piles of sawdust and makes a rustling sound in walls?
Carpenter ants
What is a pitch streak?
A well-defined accumulation of pitch in the wood cells, in a more or less regular streak. It should not be confused with dark grain.
Which of the three species are considered to be the strongest of the softwoods?
Douglas Fir, Larch, Hemlock.
What is a cross laminated timber?
Engineered panel made similar to veneers in plywood. often an architectural feature
What is the density, relative to water for hemlock log that sits at the bottom of the lake
Greater than 1.0
What are the actual dimensions of a 2x8 that is surface green and what is the density of Western red cedar
Inch and 9/16 x 7 1/2Density of Western red cedar 310-340 kg M3
What causes chip marks
The occurred during dressing when shavings or chips become embedded in the surface are the material
How are seismic hold downs extended?
Threaded rods and coupling nuts
Define Douglas fir
Very stiff, very strong, very hard,. There’s a pronouns difference between the Heartwood which is orange red to red or sometimes yellowish
Where in Canada are Jackpine and Balsam fir Found
Eastern Canada
What happens to Wood when it’s exposed to atmospheric changes
It’s Wells or shrink because wood is diametrically unstable
What kind of nail would you use in marine construction, or when maximum corrosion resistance is required?
Stainless Steel Nails
What must be done if changes are made to the structure of a woodframe building
A complete review of design
Which type of defect occurs when particles of wood are broken below the line of cut?
Chipped grain
Nominal sizes are done when?
After rough cutting
What are the actual dimensions of a 2x8 that’s surfaced green?
1 9/16 x 7 1/2
What type of nail is best suited for exposure to the weather?
1) Stainless steel2) Hot-dipped galvanized
A screw length should be how much thicker than the subfloor when screwing in
Inch and a quarter
What kind of tree produces hardwood?
Deciduous
How do you prevent decay
Ensure that lumber has been dried to moisture content of 20% or less space ensure that wood placed in service is adequately ventilated treat wood with preservatives to prevent fungus attack
Laminated veneer lumber
Laminate veneer lumber looks like plywood beams, except all the piles have the grain running in the same direction. Made of multiple layers of thin veneers this lumber is very strong and stable and can span further than Sun timbers. Laminated veneer lumber can be used for rafters, headers, beams, joyce, rim boards, studs and columns
What is torn grain
An irregularity in the surface of a piece, where wood has been torn or broken out by surfacing.
What causes a board to warp
Incorrect seasoning or make her naturally due to great
Why have engineering building products been developed
They use waste that accompanies sawn lumber production and some of these products such as beams are not only stronger than solid lumber but are available in sizes wider and longer than the lengths cut from a single log
Water in the fibres of cell walls is called free water or bound water?
Bound water
What is a dead knot?
Forms after a branch dies. Happens in lower branches that have been deprived of light by dense foliage around them.
BOARD MEASURE - is
Board footage is calculated by multiplying the nominal thickness in inches(T) by the nominal width in inches (W) by the actual length in feet (L) anddividing by 12. The formula is: T x W x L = Board ft.12
Describe “Plain sawing”
When the boards are cut through the FULL width of the log.
Name four species of wood that have very little or no taste or odour?
Spruce, some species of pine, balsam fir and alpine fir.
And platform frame construction what is the standard platform framing stud length of the walls
92 1/4 inches. Which incorporates a single bottom [sole] plate and 2 top plates
What is Pacific damp wood termite
Attacks wood with a high moisture content. In some cases., The entire inside of infested wood is eaten leaving only the other shellMale and female template terminates have brown bodies with long, translucent, brown wings. Their overall length is about 25 mm. They usually leave the colony in large numbers during late summer. the worker termite is creamy white in color and never leaves the wood
What does “S4S” mean?
Surfaced 4 sides (in the milling process)
Which produces more flat grain boards, Plain or Quarter Sawn?
Plain Sawn
What species of wood is considered to be free from resins?
Western hemlock
The moisture content is below this percentage for no further rot to occur.
20
What is the limit of spacing on framing members in platform framing
24 inches on center
How do you know carpenter and is living in your building
Sightings of worker ants which are 6 mm to 12 mm in sizeHouse of sawdustRustling sounds in walls, floor or ceilingSightings of workers inside the house in winter or spring when it is too cold for them to be outsideAnt trails to and from the house
What is the density of concrete?
Concrete 2400 kg/M
What is white rot
It attacks both the cellulose that makes up the cell walls and the lignin that binds the cells. white rot is also called white spec, which is an initial stage of White rot. Infection shows itself as a soft, pulpy mass of white., Which has no structural strength. Like most forms of brown rot, Whitrock develops before tree is felled and does not persist after drying. Amputate
An S-GRN board of 6” has an actual dimension of how much less?
08-Mar
What species of wood is great for ladders, and Scaffolding
Sitka Spruce
What causes chip marks?
Occur when dressing - when shavings or chips become embedded in the material.
This region of the tree transports food manufactured in the leaves to other parts of the tree
Inner bark
What is a connector plate used for
To reinforce joints or to splice beams
Why do tropical woods have an obscure grain while North American woods tend to have an obvious grain
North American winters and summers are very extreme in their conditions well tropical ones are less so and that affects the growth
What are box nails used for?
Thin wood to prevent splitting. Not normally for framing.
Name the three causes of manufacturing defects in lumber
1) Improper season techniques2) Improper handling3) Improper storage
What is the density of wood?
Ironwood is the most dense wood.Wood is approximately 500 to 600 kg m3
Why is it called the grain pattern of face board appears as irregular lines that form a mountain
Cathedrals of Summerwood
Tropical Woods tend to have obscured grain, well most wood native to North America tend to have obscure green true or false
Ture
All the Decay results from the invasion of a single class of plants called what
Fungi
Which is the heaviest species of softwood
Western Larch
What is pacific damp wood thermite?
Pacific damp wood thermite attacks wood with a high MC %.Produces long flat tunnels in wood. The entire inside of infested wood is eaten, leaving only a thin outer shell of wood.
Galvanized nails are used for?
Exterior use, resist rust and corrosion. Thick coating of zink produces very rough surface which increases nail’s holding power.
WHat abbreviation is used for 1x10 re-sawn boards?
S1S2E
What is a powder-post beetle?
Powder post beetle bore small round holes 2-3 mm in diameter throughout the wood. These are the exit holes of the adult beetle. Inside the tunnels are filled with sawdust and excement. Fine powder may be observed coming out of the holes, or in piles under the holes.
grade plywood is used for sheathing? Is it Sanded?
Not for sheathing grade.
What kind of fastener must be used with ACQ-treated lumber?
Corrosive resistant
What is hit and miss
A series of skips, with surfaced areas in between.
How much longer than the thickness of the deck subfloor should a deck screw be?
1 and 1/4”
Electro-plated galvanized nails are used for?
Not as resistant to rusting and are designed to be used where they will not be directly exposed to the weather.(Roofing and drywall)
Name Two kind of Sheathing Panel
Plywood and OSB
Which is the latest species of softwood
Western red Cedar/Spruce/pine/fir
What is a dead knot or. Black knot
It’s forms after the branch dies this often happens in lower branches that been deprived of light by too dense foliage above them. Without light food to the branch of diminishes, and the branches die and eventually drop off. The tree continues to grow and eventually envelops the stump of the dead branch. When this is cut into a board it is called a tight knot which is actually separate in the board and cannot be dependent on for strength
True or false, Wood ladders are used because they are poor conductors of electricity?
TRUE
This part of the tree wood is darker than other structures. Composed of dead cells with natural tannins and resins, it’s more durable and less susceptible to decay than other wood structures. Its main function is to give the tree structural support.
Heartwood.
What is water in a cell wall called
Bound water
What is S2S1E
Surface 2 sides and 1 Edge
What is withdrawal strenfth of a fastener?
It’s ability to resist being pulled out.To increase: anglng nails in opposing directionStagger nails.Ring Nails, spiral(ardox), and galvanized increase withdrawal compared to bright nails.
Does SAP stain fungi weekend the strength of wood
No
What is a split?
Separation of wood which happens when wood cells tear apart.
What is the standard height of Platform frame construction framed walls
8 feet and three quarters of an inch which gives the height of approximately 8 feet after the ceiling finish and floor finish are considered
Which species of wood is best suited for manufacturing ladders?
Sitka spruce
List the three main parts of the tree
Roots, trunk, crown
What is compression wood
Dodd
How can you protect wood from decay?
Protected with chemicals or by keeping it dry and well ventilated. Below-grade wood must be treated with chemicals. Eg paints, stains, alkaline copper quaternary and copper azole
Parallel strand lumber
Is similar to laminated veneer lumber except instead of full shade of veneers strands of the veneer laid in parallel formation and glued together
How can wood be re-used? How do you prepare wood for reuse?
If wooden construction members are removed carefully.Finish materials: Pull nails through the backside of materials to reduce damage to face materials.
Which is the heaviest speices of softwood?
Western larch.
Name four species of woods that have very little or no taste or odour
Basswood, Alpine fir, Western larch ,sitka Spruce
On which framing system is the standard stud length based
Standard platform framing
List the three main parts of the tree
The crown the trunk and the roots
What are the qualities of Summerwood? (aka latewood)
Produced late summer, fall and winter. Consists of small, thick-walled cells and is greater in density and strength than springwood.
Describe “plain sawing”
Boards are cut through the full width of the log.
. The method or action of sawing timber tangential to the growth rings, so that the rings make angles of less than 45° with the faces of the boards produced. … ‘Plain sawing is the most common method of sawing and consequently most lumber is plain sawn. ‘
What special safety concerns are there for driving concrete nails?
Wear safety glasses.
In which type of framing system is the floor built first and used as a platform to build the walls which are framed independently from the floors and I lifted into place once they are squared and sheathed
Platform frame construction
Three types of nails that have better withdraw resistance strength than a common name
Ring, galvanized, ardox
What is the actual dimension of a 2x6 that surface dry
Inch and a half by 5 and 1/2
Which produces more edge grain boards? Quarter or Plain sawn lumber?
Quarter
What is a structural strap used for
Used for wall bracing
What are three kinds of rot fungi
brown rot white rotdry rot
How much MC % should lumber used for framing have?
15 - 19 %
When is a cup formed
When an edge grain board or a quartersawn board dries out
What is machine burn?
Darkening of the wood due to machine knives or rollers getting overheated when pieces are stopped in the machine.
Which incense bores small round holes in wood
Powder post beetle
Which insects travels in especially constructed mud tunnels
Western subterranean termite
What is water in a cell wall called?
Bound water
What is the Trunk of the tree?
The “stem” Provide structural support for the crown and transport food and moisture from the roots to the crown
how many nails must be used to nail a wall stud to the plate?
either four 2.5 nails or two 3.25 end nails
What qualities does a phoscoated nail have?
Dark or black, better resistance to moisture and withdrawal than bright finish nails.
Describe machine burn
Darkening of the wood due to the machining knives are rollers getting overheated when pieces of the wood are stopped in the machine
What are the qualities of Springwood? (early wood)
Is formed in the early part of the growing season when growth takes plus rapidly.Characterized by large, thin-walled cells and the material is more porous and weaker than wood formed later. RAPID GROWTH = WEAKER and THINNER
What qualities does a phoscoated nail have?
Dark or black, better resistance moisture to moisture and withdrawal than bright finish nails.Mainly use for drywallor SPF lumber.
What is wane?
MIssing piece of wood on the edge corner of a board.
What is the most common framing system used in British Columbia
Platform-frame construction
Which frame construction is known as Western framing
Platform-frame Construction
Which type of framing construction consists of larger dimension members of wood that are spaced at more than 24 inches on center
Post, beam and plank construction
can you apply cement stucco to exterior walls withjout using wall sheathing?
yes paper backed stucco wire is applied directly to studs. although code allows 24” stud spacing 16: o.c. helps to keep the wire flat.
Describe a hanger nail
Stuff and short common nail, offer maximum resistance to shear when used with joist hangers. bright or galvanized.
What kind of tree produces softwood?
Coniferous.
What is a crown?
It’s in this part of the tree that the food required for growth is manufactured. The crown may consist of the top 15% of the tree.The more crown a tree has, the more it grows
True or False: Sap-Stain fungus will reduce the structural strength of lumber.
FALSE
What is Glue lam?
Structural, beams or columbs.
This corky material is composed entirely of dead cells. Its function is to protect the tree from pests, disease and damage.
Outer bark.
Name three common types of rot
Brown rock, white rot and dry rot
What is the advantage of an ardox nail?
Strong holding power (50 to 200 % greater than smooth-shank) but shear resistance is lower
What is the density of steel
8000 kilograms per meter cubed
Which species of wood is best suited for manufacturing ladders
Stika spruce
What is MDF mainly used for?
Stronger and denser than particle boardUsed to make many interior mouldings
What’s the benefit of an ardox nail
Aspire on nails usually produce with a spiral wire has been Twisted they have a holding power 50 to 200% greater than the smooth shank
How are size May hold Downs extended
With treaded rods and coupler nuts
How can would be used and how do you prepare it for reuse
If wooden construction members are removed carefully they can be reused. Remove all nails. For finishing materials, pool nails through the backside material to reduce damage to the face of material
What is inner bark of a tree
The inner bark of a tree performs two important functions it provides new material to add to the outer bark and contains special tube-like cells that carry sugars and proteins manufactured in the leaves down to the mix with the water and nutritions coming up from the roots
Quartersawn wood is also known as ……grain
Edgegrain
how does thermal insulation affect wall construction
minimum stud depth must be increased to accomodate the thicker insulation.
What should be done when installing joist hangers for an engineered floor?
Double-check joist hardware is used according to the engineering drawings.
What is the difference between surfaced green(s-grn) and surfaced-dry(s-dry) lumber?
S-dry lumber is surfaced AFTER being dried, less shrinkage.S-grn lumber is surfaced BEFORE being dried, more shrinkage.
Name the three main parts of a tree.
Roots >>> Trunk >>> Crown
What is the density of western red cedar?
310 to 340 kg/m cubed
Is wood corrosive
wood is neutral it will not react with corrosive materials such as acids and alkali but it is susceptible to rot and must be protected with chemicals or by keeping dry and well ventilated
What is pressure-treated lumber?
Lumber treated with Alkaline Coper Quaternary(ACQ), to protect against fungi that cause rot and against wood-eating insects such as termites.
Which kind of OSB grade is used for framing?
OSB 0-2 is equivalent to plywood. OSB 0-1 is equivalent to a wafer board.
Describe a twist in the lumber
A twist is a deviation that occurs flat-wise or is in combination of the flat-wise and edgewise deviations which take the form of a twist or spiral
Which is the lightest species of softwood
Western red cedar
How can you tell visually that a board is Edge grain?
The grain pattern on the face of the board appears as relatively straight lines that are paralell to the edge of the board.
What are roots?
The roots of the tree perform two functions, anchoring the tree in the soil and absorbing moisture and nutrients.
Which abbreviation is used for 1 x 10 re-sawn boards?
S1S2E
Which species of wood is considered to be free from resins?
Western Hemlock
What two features do T/g sheets have to help them to resist water wear, in osb
Painted edges and drainage holes spaced along the tongue
Which type of frame construction is rarely
When an entire building using balloon frame construction
What nail especially designed to resist forces of hurricanes and earthquakes
Ring nail
What is the density of spruce
350-390 kg M3
In split-level buildings which two types of framing constructions are used together
Balloon-frame construction and platform-frame construction
This structure is an extremely thin region of living cells, which is responsible for the formation of the millions of new cells produced by a tree each year. The cells produced by this structure form other structures, which make up the bulk of the tree.
Cambium Layer
This corky material is composed entirely of dead cells it’s function is to protect the tree from pests disease and damage
outer bark
What are rays in wood
Rays are long narrow structures that appear as fine lines on the surface of a cross section of a tree trunk or branch.
In which type of framing construction are concrete footings enlarged in area to support the concentrated loads
Post, beam and plank construction
Name the two species of Spruce that are found in Western Canada
Coast sitka spruce, English man Spruce
What type of sign produces Edge grain lumber
Quarter sawing
Which species of wood is best suited for manufacturing ladders
Sitka Spruce
True or False: Rot Fungus fungus causes the wood to deteriorate.
True.
The region of the tree that transports sugar from leaves down to the mix with water and nutrients from the roots is
Inner bark
Why does using wood for window frames reduce condensation on the inside surfaces?
Wood is a better insulator than metal. Therefore wood is warmer, reducing the chance of warm moist air condensing on the frame.
This structure of the tree consisting of dark-colored structurally weak material is located at the center of the tree. first wood growth takes place around it
Pith
These long, narrow structures appear as fine lines on the surface of a cross section of a tree trunk or branch. Their purpose is to conduct food and moisture laterally across the trunk or branches.
Medullary Rays.
What is shear strength of a nail
The lateral force
What is it when a wood is “stained”
A marked variation from the natural colour.
How strong is particleboard?
It’s one of the weakest composition boards
This type of tree has the Heartwood is reddish-brown and colour and sapwood is much lighter and has a yellowish Brown shade. It’s resin canals are smaller and larger to see and it does not have a distinctive order. Very hard, very strong, very stiff, very heavy is the heaviest of all softwoods
Western Larch
Surfaced dry lumber has a moisture content of what
19% or less
This region of the tree consists of light-colored commercially valuable wood . its function is to conduct sap upward from the roots to the crown of the tree
Sapwood
Wood used for finishing should have what MC?
8 to 11%
How long does it take for wood to mature to the size that it could be harvest for lumber production?
40 to 100 years
The angle formed by the annular growth rings and the face of the board is less than 45 degrees for which board?
Flat grain
What are knife marks
The imprints or markings that machine knives make on the surface of dressed lumber
When is a crown defect in a joist desirable?
Installation of joists to counteract live and dead loads.
Which is the lightest species of softwood?
Western Red Cedar
In which type of frame construction are fire stops required at each floor which prevent the stud cavity from acting as a chimney and drawing a fire from the lower floor to the floor above
Balloon-frame construction
Which part of the building code covers the design of platform framing
Part 9
Lumber cut to produce flat grain will have an adverse effect of
It will wear uneven if cut flag grain
Which is a heaviest species of softwood?
Western larch
How many annual rings per inch should structural lumber have?
6 rings per inch.
What is a resawn board?
Example:Plank is cut in half across their width with a bandsaw. This changes a S4S plank to two S1S2 boards.
What are the actual dimensions of a 2x6 that’s surfaced dry
1 1/2 x 5 1/2
What is machine burn
The darkening of wood due to machine knives or rollers becoming overheated when pieces are stopped in the machine
What is the density of concrete
Concrete is 2400 kg / M3
What is laminated Veneer Lumber?
LVL looks like plywood beams, except all the plies have the grain running in the same direction. Made of multiple layers of thin veneer, this lumber is very strong and stable and can span farther than sawn timbers. LVLs can be used for rafters, headers, beams, joists, rim boards, studs and columns.
A cup is formed when what kind of grain board dries out?
Flat grain dries out, a cup is formed
There are only two grades for studs what are they
Standard grade with a defect percent up to 26%Economy grade not strength rated
Which species of wood has a deep warm brown color
Western red Cedar
First ever choosing framing hardware
Is determine the material to be used
What causes a board to warp?
Incorrect seasoning or naturally due to grain
Where is machine stressed lumber used
Critical members in engineered wood trusses
Structural Insulated Panels, what are they?
SIP consist of insides and outside panels with rigid insulation between. They are often plywood or OSB. Panels can be splined together to create walls, floors and roofs.
True or False: OSB T&G will cover a full 4-foot width.
TRUE
which type of sawing produces the most “edge grain” lumber?
Quarter sawn
What’s the difference between Springwood and Summerwood
Springwood grows fast and it’s porous. Summerwood grows much slower and is quite dense
What type of species Woods are considered to be the strongest of the softwoods?
Douglas fir, larch, hemlock
What is dry rot?
Dry rot infects trees after they are felled and can continue to thrive after the lumber-drying process. Dry rot often turns up after wood is put into service in poorly ventilated areas such as cavities beneath floors.
What angle must the grain be to be considered Edge grain
Greater than 45°
what happens if fiberglass insulaqtion gets wet?
it reduces the insulating capabilities of the fiberglass and may cause rot in the wood-frame.
What is the moisture content of a freshly cut log
45%
These structures consist of concentric circles or rings which are visible on a cross-sectional cut of the tree trunk or branch. they can be used to determine the age of the tree and eventually they form the woodgrain pattern when a log is sawn into boards
annular rings
What is a shake?
A lengthwise separation of wood. Usually occurs between or through the rings of annual growth. Shake can be caused in standing trees when there is alarge amount of movement caused by wind.
List the four grades used with lumber classified as “light framing”
Construction, standard, utility and economy.
What is Skip
An area that has not been surfaced cleanly
If a building is made of wood frame components and has cement stucco on it which is at the same height what happens
The stucco will crumble and buckle. Therefore expansion joints are used at each floor level to allow the building to move without buckling it
Why does using wood for window frames reduce condensation on inside surfaces?
Wood is the better insulator than metal, therefore wood is warmer, reducing the chance of warm moist air condensating on the frame
Name three types of nails that have a better withdrawal resistance than a bright common nail?
1) Ardox 2) Ring 3) Galvanized
How many growth rings should be in a layer to make it structurally sound per an inch
Structural quality lumber should have at least six rings per inch
What is mismatch
And an even fit in that results when adjoining pieces of worked Lumber do not meet tightly at all points of contact, or when the surfaces of the adjoining pieces are not in the same plane.
Which framing system is the fastest to construct
Platform-frame construction
What is machine stress-rated lumber?
Lumber that is passed through a device that measures how much the actual piece of lumber will bend or flex under a given load.
What type of method of cutting the lumber is used to produce high and finishing Lumber
Quarter sawn lumber, is mainly used to produce high-end finishing Lumber and it’s more difficult and is used where edgegreen characteristics are needed
IN what locations is column anchorage especially important?
Locations where high winds can create extreme up-lifting forces.
When using construction adhesive, you must completely nail the sheathing before:
The adhesive sets up.
the size and spacing of exterior wall studs is found in which part of the building code?
part 9
What is white rot?
Attacks cellulose and cell walls and the lignin that binds the cells.White rot is also called white speck, which is the initial stage of white rot. Infection shows as a soft, pulpy mass of whitish material, which has no structural strength.
Name four species of wood that have very little or no taste or odour?
Spruce, some species of pine, balsam fir and alpine fir
what size poly is placed as a vapour barrier between the top plate and double top plate where the ceiling above the walls is insulated
24” wide strip of 6mil poly between top plate and the double top plate
What types of defects occur when particles of wood are broken before the line of cut
Chipped grain
List three precautions should be taken to prevent rot
Keep wood moisture content under 20%Insure what is placed in service has adequate ventilationTreat wood to prevent fungus attacks when placed in areas of high moisture
True or false wood is the second most commonly used building material
TRUE
Cross laminated Timbers
Are engineered panels made by laminating multiple layers of lumber crosswise to each other similar to veneer plywood. This product is often used in architectural feature
Which species of wood has a deep, warm brown colour?
Western red cedar
This region of the tree transports sugars from the leaves down to mix with water and nutrients from the roots.
Inner Bark.
What are two main reasons for wood cracking?
Drying and nailing are two of many reasons wood may crack or split.
Actual sizes are done when?
After re-surfacing
What is the density of steel?
Steel: 8000 kg/M
What is the density of steel
Steel is 8000 kg M3
An S-Dry board of 8, 10 of 12 has an actual size how much less?
3/4”
What is a connector plate used for?
To reinforce joints or to splice beams.
What does s+grn mean
Surfaced green
For maximum strength, how should plywood be installed?
Installed with the length of the sheet (face grain) - across its supports.
Which species of wood is considered to be the strongest of the softwoods
Douglas fir /Western larch
What method of cutting a log is most common for framing production Lumber
Flat or plain sawn lumber
Name some engineered building products
Particleboard waferboard, dense fiberboard, laminated veneer beams, glue laminated beams,parallel strand beams and plywood
And which kind of building framing is it possible that a building inspector may require that an engineer make an on-site inspection of the engineered components
Post, Beam and plank construction
What is a check
A lengthwise separation of wood which usually occurs between or through the rings of annual growth
Which species of wood is best suited for manufacturing ladders?
Sitka Spruce
What are the three types of building frame construction
Platform framingBalloon framingPost, beam and plank construction
Where does the greatest shrinkage take place in a piece of wood?
Width and thickness
Describe playing sawing
Plane sign is when the boards are cut through to full width of the log
What is cross banding?
In the process of making plywood - layers of veneer are laid at right angles to one another
How can a wood beam and the supporting a bent steel beam after a fire
It burns slower than hot metal weakens
List three precautions that should be taken to prevent rot?
1) MC % less than 20%2) Wood in service is properly ventilated3) Treat wood to prevent fungus attack when placed in areas of high MC %
What is density of water
1000kgm3
What are three common causes of mechanical defects in lumber
Improper seasoning techniques, improper handling and improper storage
At what stage of drawing does wood begin to shrink?
Once all the free water is gone from the cells and bond water starts to leave
Which type of sawing produces the most “flat grain” lumber?
Plain Sawn
What is machine offset
An abrupt dressing variation in the edge surface, which usually occurs near the end of the piece. It does not reduce the width or change the plane of the wide surface.
What is chipped grain
Particles of wood that are chipped or broken below the line of cut. They are too small to classify as torn grain.
What must fasteners resist?
Both withdrawal and shear forces
What is a heat-treated nail used for?
Treated to make them stronger and stiffer. They may also have a higher carbon content. For hard surfaces such as concrete.
How does dry rot begin to occur?
Lack of ventilation, high moisture content, heat (aboe 15 celsius)
What is Wane
Wane is bark that has been left on the edge or corner of a piece of lumber;or it is missing wood on the edge or corner, arising from any cause
What is Rot Fongus?
It feeds on both the contents of the cells AND the cell wall themsleves.
Wood is neutral which means it will not react to
Corrosive materials such as acids and alkali , as aluminum is subject to oxidation and corrosion
At what stage of drying does wood begin to shrink?
Once all of the free water is gone from the cells and bound water starts to leave.
What causes wood decay
All decaying wood is caused by the invasion of fungi
True or False, both oil and latex paint can be used on wood for interior or exterior purposes?
TRUE
What is a ring shake or cup shake?
Occurs between the growth rings and partially or wholly encircles the pith.
Which insect bores small round holes in wood?
Powder-post beetle
What is the density of wood
500 to 600 kg/m³
What is a twist
A twisted deviation that occurs flat wise or in a combination of flat-wise and edgewise deviation which takes form of a curl or a spiral
What are five engineered building products
Wafer board, fiberboard, particle board, OSB board laminated veneer lumber parallel strand lumber, glue laminated beams, plywood
What is loosened grain
Grain separation or loosening, without displacement, between Springwood and Summerwood
Which two different types of wood form annual growth rings
Springwood and Summerwood
Which type of nails is suited for exposure and weather
Stainless steel hot dip galvanized
if half inch drywall is used as interior finish can you use 24” studs?
yes the building code accepts it but its not adviseable as it does not allow enough support.
How do you get rid of rot fungi
Discard the wood or have the infected portions removed
Why are post and beam components used
Their ability to create large open spaces
What is tracheids
Specialized cells in softwood trees, arranged in the staggered layers. They draw sap upward through the tree from cell to cell
A sheet of T&G plywood is how wide?
There is a reduction of width. 47 1/2.
Tall trees can develop internal cracking known as
Wind skake
what is a limit of spacing of framing members and post,beam and plank construction
Anything greater than 24 inches
What is raised grain
And unevenness between the Springwood and Summerwood on the surface of dressed lumber
Consisting of dark-coloured, structurally weak material, this structure is located at the centre of the tree. First wood growth takes place around it.
Pith.
How is a KInk defect caused in a length of wood?
The deviation of straightness os caused by a large knot in the length of the wood
True or False, Tropical woods tend to have an obscure grain, while most woods native to North America tend to have an obvious grain?
TRUE
What is the density of wood?
Wood: 500 to 600 kg/M
Why is it easy to make a 4x12 sheet of OSB but difficult to make it from plywood
OSB is manufactured and very large sheets, just over 12x24 but where logs for plywood are cut just over 8 ft in length. Because most sheets of plywood or rotary cut so it’s a massive lathe that the blade comes in and shears off entire flinches of plywood. There’s also there’s different types of cut but it doesn’t look like it’s explained in this module more advanced
Wood used for framing should have what MC?
15 percent to 19 percent
What angle must the grain be to be considered edge grain?
Greater than 45 degrees
What is the abbreviation to use for a 1x10 resawn board
S1S2,E
AT WHAT POINT DO YOU INSULATE CONCEALED WALL STUD SPACES AT INTERSECTIONS AND CORNERS OF WALL?
prior to installing exterior sheathing
