H1,H2,H3 Flashcards
3 wall and floor systems?
- platform frame- balloon frame- post, beam, plank
What part of the code book covers 24” o.c. & under? What part covers over 24” o.c.?
- part 9 for 24” or under- part 6 for over 24”
Platform framingWall height?Stud length?Shrinkage for each wall? (Bottom plate, stud, two top plates?
Wall height 8’ 3/4”Stud length 92 1/4”1/2” per floor
Balloon framingWall length?Approximate stud length?What holds up the second storey joists?What is required each floor level of balloon framing stud cavities?
Wall length runs continous from sill plate (foundation) to top of second storey wall18 feet longLedger that is let into balloon framed wallsFire stops (solid blocking)
Why is platform used more that balloon?What part of code book covers post, beam, and plank?For that part, who is needed to design and inspect the work?
Balloon is more time consuming, now rarely usedPart 4Proffesional engineer
Post, Beam, PlankWhat makes this framing different from platform/balloon framing?Whats the upside of planks over plywood?With the large spans, what must you take in consideration?
Larger dimensional members that are spaced more than 24” o.c.Planking is thicker, allowing a larger spanAs the members of post, beam, plank increase. Foundation of the points of load must as well
Difference between Post, Beam, Plank and Heavy Timber Construction?What are the 3 industial buildings that use timber framing?
Heavy timber uses beams/columns 5” or largerStandard-mill, Semi-mill, Laminated-mill construction
How is standard-mill constructed?How is Semi-mill constructed?How is Laminated-mill constructed?
Standard-mill: a column supports the girder, and the girders support the planks that rest directly on the girderSemi-mill: column supports the girders, the girders support the beams (smaller girders), then the beams support the floor plankingLaminated-mill: column supports the girder, the girder supports the planks (planks are nailed together making them laminated)
Which side of lumber will shrink the most?Which of the 3 wall and flooring systems will have the most shrinkage?How is post, beam, plank designed if shrinkage is a concern?Two cladding materials that will have issues with shrinkage?
Across its widthPlatformPosts will be constructed to run from the foundation to the roof, and beams will be supported using welded steel brackets attached to the side of the postCement stucco and masonary veneer
What can be done to prep for shrinkage for cement stucco?What can be done to prep for shrinkage for masonry veneer?What will take damage under shrinkage, framing or masonry veneer?
Use expansion joints at each floor level to allow the building to move without buckling the stuccoSpace must be left at the top of the masonry veneer, and the space is dependant on the amount of floors.Framing will take damage over masonry veneer
Truss roof systems are common with which type of wall/floor system?Roof beam system are common with which type of wall/floor system?Using combination framing systems, changing plans will require what?
Trusses are common with platform and balloon framingRoof beams are common with post, beam, plankA complete review of the design, ex. Removing a bearing wall with a beam may require the foundation to be increased in size
What is permanent wood foundation?What are the 3 properties of PWF?
A load bearing, wood frame wall system designed to support light frame construction below grade-lumber and plywood can support the lateral soil pressures-all materials in contact with the ground are protected against decay and insects by pressure treating-protect the building material by directing any ground water away from the foundation
What are the 3 types of wood foundation?2 main principles for energy efficient framing?Hint: techniques
-Concrete slab or wood sleeper floor-suspended wood floor basement-unexcaveted or partially excavated crawl space-framing techniques that eliminate unnecessary lumber-framing techniques that leave access for the installation of insulation
What is thermal bridging?What R-value does wood and insulation have per inch?
An area of significant lower insulation levels due to their location of framing membersWood has R-1 value, insulation has R-3 value per inch
What does camber mean?What does crown mean?What does breaking joints mean?
-Manufactured beam or girder with upward curve built in it.-lumber warps as they dry, that term is called crown. Crowns should be faced up in joists.-staggering the joints in sheathing or top plates.
What does load path mean?What does tributary width mean?What does tributary area mean?
-transfer of the load down to the foundation, path is normally vertical.-for beam and lintels is the supported joist lenth bearing on that member.-is the share of the structure that is being supported by a structural building component.
What does cornice mean?What does eave mean?What does parapet mean?What does soffit mean?
-cornice is the outward projection of a roof where it meets the wall.-eave or cornice is the projection of the roof system beyond the exterion wall. Included the facia, gutters, rafter tails and soffit.-Parapet is wall that extends above the roofline.-Soffit is the underside of a building component. Eave, beam, open stairs.
If crawl spaces provide access for utility services, whats the minimum clear height access?Before you frame a rough opening, what should you check before hand?
-no less than 600mm-obtain the correct rough opening sizes for door and windows from the manufacturer of the supplier before framing the opening.
What are the 3 main joist catogories?What does ledger mean?
a) boxing joist (rim joist) perimeter joists around the buildingb) floor joists are members that span from wall to wall or wall to beamc) ceiling joists are used in rafter framed roofs-horizontal board bolted or nailed to the side of a beam, boxing joist, or wall to support joists.
Floors and ceilings will have openings for stair, chimneys, skylight wells.What are the 3 joist names?
1) trimmer joist, they run parallel with the joists. They support header joists.2) header joists, they run perpandicular to joists and frame openings. They’re supported by the trimmers and are often doubled. They support the ends of tail joists.3) tail joists, they are regular floor joists that are shortened by the position of the floor opening.
What are the 3 components that complete a wall?Walls that only support their own weight are called?Walls that support a roof, floor, ceiling are called?
-plates, studs, and lintels (headers)-non load bearing walls-load bearing walls
Plates are horizontal wood members, what are the 5 plates to do with framing a wall?
1) sill plates, they support floor joists and are anchored to the foundation wall.2) bottom plates, they are the lowest horizontal member in a framed wall.3) top plates, are nailed to the top of the studs. Keeps the walls in line, and supports the floor joists.4) double top plates, nailed on top of the top plate. Interlocks corners and wall intersections.5) rough sill, horizontal framing member at the bottom of a window.
Studs are vertical members that run between plates or lintels (headers).What are the names of the 3 studs?What is used above the window and doors for supporting loads?
1) common stud, runs full length between the top and bottom plate.2) cripples, studs that are used to support lintels.3) jack studs, used underneth rough sills or used above lintels.-lintels are used above windows and doors.
What does a roof truss consist of?Difference between roof joist and rafter?What does a gable roof need built with roof joists?What supports ceiling finish?
-rafters, ceiling joists, and webs. Held together with gusset plates at the joints.-rafter support the roof load, not ceiling finish. Roof joist carries both roof load and ceiling finish.-if framing a gable roof with roof joists, a ridge beam is needed.-ceiling joists support the ceiling finish.
Term ‘tail’ mean?Term ‘purlins’ mean?Term ‘cross purlins’ mean?Term ‘collar ties’ mean?
-portion of the rafter that extends beyond the exterion wall-structural members that run at right angles to the rafters-smaller members that are used to provide cross ventilation above roof joists-horizontal members that connect a pair of opposing rafters and reduce unsupported span
What is pony wall?What is knee wall?What is ridge board?What is ridge beam?
-are short walls, used to support roof loads or floor loads.-its a type of pony wall that supports the rafters and closes off the attic space.-highest horizontal member of the roof, top end of roof joists or rafters are attached to it. Isnt used to support the load from rafters.-supports the load of the rafters or roof joists.
What does bridging mean?What does blocking mean?What does girt mean?What does strapping mean?
-used between floor joists, helps prevent joists from twisting and helps distribute the floor load-similar to bridging but doesnt help as well as bridging does. Due to shrinkage occuring-pieces of solid blocking installed between the studs, usually mid height. They stiffen the wall and act a fire stops-used to prevent joists from twisting, can be spaced apart to support ceiling finishes or some type of roofing
What does wind bracing mean?What does backing mean?What does back framing mean?
-used to stiffen walls, the brace is continous at 45 degrees angle to the floor.-refers to piece of lumber fastened in walls, floors, or ceilings to support finishes, hardware, fixtures, cabinets etc.-process of placing blocking. Most back framing isnt structural, however it is the blocking that is used to transfer point loads through joists.
What does clear span mean?What does supported length mean?What does shear wall mean?What does braced wall panel mean?
-clear span of a beam, joist, rafter is the clear distance measured on a horizontal plane-used to determine loads on beams and lintels. Typically uses total span, as opposed to clear span.-protect against high wind loads and seismic events. Structurally sheathed with plywood or another panel product.-is a section of exterior or interior wall that is built similar to a shear wall using the requirements found in part 9 of the building code
What is a point load?2 functions of sheathing?Where are collar ties used?
A concentrated load, such as a beam or girder truss rests on a wall1) provides lateral support2) braces floor, wall, or roof diagonallyIn roof framing to reduce the span of rafters
1) What are advantages wood has over other building materials?
-renewable resource -strength-unique-lightweight-easily cut-easily fastened-corrosion resistance -holds finishes-heat transfer-electrical energy-renovation-reuse
Renewable resource:How long will it take for trees to grow for suitable size for milling to lumber planks?Compared to other materials used in construction, wood is?
40-100 years to mature to a sufficient sizeRelatively cheap and plentiful
What is the density for wood?What is the density for steel?What is the density for concrete?In kg/m cubed
Wood approximately 500-600 kg/mSteel approximately 8000 kg/mConcrete approximately 2400 kg/m
What is easily cut out of building materials?What is easily fastened out of building materials?What material has the best benifits for heat transfer?(Out of concrete, steel, wood)
Wood is easily cut, drilled, and shaped. Steel and concrete are more difficult to cut.Wood is easily and securely attached to other wood members.Compared to steel or concrete, wood is a good insulator. Interior wood windows do not sweat with condensation with extreme weather conditions.
If reusing wood materials, what precautions should be taken?
Nails should be removed with care.Finishing nails should be pulled from the backside to prevent damage to the face of stock.Precautions are for avoiding damages to the members
What are 5 disadvantages of wood?(Comparing to steel and concrete)
-swelling and shrinking-decay-flammable-non-uniform-cracks
Swelling and shrinking:Which ways do wood swell and shrink?What forms can wood absorb water?
Width and thickness when moisture content in the atmosphere changes.Wood readily absorbs water in liquid and vapour forms because of its cellular structure.Some species can absorb 2 or 3 times their own weight in water.
Flammable:How can wooden structures be made fire resistant?What beams will lose its support under heat/fire first? (Wood or metal)
Can be made fire resistant by using other materials over wood, such as plaster or gypsum board.Metal beams will lose their strength under heat way before wood beams lose theirs.i joists lose their strength very quickly under fire
3 parts to a tree?Trees are divided into 2 classes, what are they?
Root, trunk, and crown.-hardwood, comes from decicuous trees, which have broad leaves.-softwood, are from coniferous trees (cone bearing) which have narrow leaves called needles
What are the 2 main functions of a trunk?What are the 8 types of wood structure in the trunk?
-Provide structural support for the crown-Transport food and moisture from the roots to the crown.1) outer bark. 5) heartwood2) inner bark. 6) pith3) cambium layer. 7) rays4) sapwood. 8) annual growth rings
Outer bark:What is the bark’s thickness range from?What does the bark protect from the tree?How is the outer bark formed?
-little as a fraction of a mm to as much as 300 mm-from pests, disease, and damage-by the inner bark changing to outer bark.Outer bark is composed of dead cells and becomes brittle and dry with time.
Inner bark:Performs 2 important functions, what are they?
-provides material to add to the outer bark-contains special tube like cells that carry sugars and proteins manufactured in the leaves down to mix with the water and nutrients coming up from the roots
Where is cambium layer located?
Located between inner bark and the sapwood. Its in this region that the cells making up the bulk of the tree are formed.These cells are used by the tree to create new sapwood and new inner bark
Sapwood:Where is it located?What is its function?What colour does it have?
Between the heartwood and cambium layerIs to carry sap, water, and nutrients from the roots to the leaves and conesIts the light coloured wood
Heartwood:What is the main function of heartwood?What portion of the tree is converted to heartwood?How is the colour of heartwood changed?
Gives structural support to the tree, the wood becomes stronger as cell walls harden with the loss of sapEach year a small portion of sapwood is converted to heartwood. Heartwood consists of dead cells.Deepens as the natural tannins and resins darken.These tannins and resins make the heartwood more durable and less susceptible to decay.
Rays:What way do rays run in a tree?What do rays look like?
Cells of rays are arranged horizontally rather than vertically in the tree.Rays are long narrow structures that appear as fine lines on the surface of a cross section of a tree trunk or branch.
Moisture and drying:What moisture content should framing have?What moisture content should finishing have?
15-19% for framing8-11% for finishing
Moisture and drying:Water is found in two places in wood?
Cell cavity, water in the cell cavity is called “free water”Fibres in the cell walls, water in the fibres of the cell walls is called “bound water”(Absorbed water)
Moisture and drying:What is FSP?How does FSP happen?When wood dries, what does it give up first? Bound water or free water?
Fibre saturation pointCell walls absorb moisture until they become totally saturated and can hold no moreGives up free water before bound water, reverse occurs when a dry piece of wood is exposed to moisture
What is flat grain or plain sawn?What is edge grain or quater sawn?
Boards are cut along the tangential face and tend to cup away from the centres as they lose moisture. If they gain moisture, they cup the other way.Edge grain lumber doesnt suffer as much distortion when exposed to changes in moisture content.
What are the 6 species of timber for framing construction?In order from strongest to weakest
1) douglas fir. 5) Spruce pine fir2) western larch. 6) western red cedar3) western hemlock4) Sitka spruce
Douglas fir weight, strength, density?What characteristics does it have?
-moderately heavy-very stiff-very strong-very hardOrange red and light pale brown, distinct odour
Western larch weight, strength, density?What characteristics does it have?
- very heavy (heaviest of all softwoods)- very stiff- very strong- very hardReddish brown and much lighter yellowish brown shade
Western hemlock weight, strength, density?What characteristics does it have?
-medium weight-moderatly stiff-high strength-moderately hardPale yellow/brown to white. No distinctive odour
Sitka spruce weight, strength, density?What charateristics does it have?
-Light in weight-Moderately stiff-Moderately strong-Medium soft hardnessCreamy white to a light pinkish tinge. Ideal for ladders and scaffolding
Spruce pine fir weight, strength, density?What are some characteristics?
-Moderate weight-Moderately stiff-Moderately strong-Medium soft hardnessQuite light in colour, little to no odour after seasoning
Western red cedar weight, strength, density?What are some characteristics?
-Lightweight (lightest of all softwoods)-Moderately stiff-Weak strength-Fairly softPinkish red to a deep warm brown, very distinct odour
List five engineered building products?What way does engineered building products use of renewable resource?
Waferboard. FibreboardParticleboard. OSBLVL. Glue laminated beamsPlywood. PSLUsinf the waste that accompanies sawn lumber products and to utilize smaller diameter logs
What angle must the grain be to be considered edge grain?Describe plain sawing?
Greater than 45 degreesPlain sawing is cutting through the full width if the log
Important:
A) heartwood. E) annual growth ringsB) sapwood. F) cambium layerC) innerbark. G) raysD) outerbark. H) pith
Structure of a tree:
Cambrium
Tropical woods tend to have an obscure grain, while woods native to north america tend to have an obvious grain?T or FWhat is water in a cell called?What stage of drying does wood begin to shrink?
TrueBound waterOnce free water is all gone from the cells and bound water starts to leave
Which is the heaviest species of softwood?Which is the lightest species of softwood?Which 3 species of wood are considered to be the strongest of the softwoods?
Western larchWestern red cedarDouglas fir, larch, hemlock
Which species of wood is considered to be free from resins?Which species of wood is best suited for manufacturing ladders?Which species of wood has a deep, warm brown colour?
Western hemlockSitka spruceWestern red cedar
Name 4 species with little or no ordour or taste?
Spruce, some species of pine, balsam fir, alpine fir
1) grain:2 types of wood form annual growth rings?
Spring wood and summer wood-Spring grows fast and is pourous-Summer grows slower and is dense