GU Flashcards
pyelonephritis what is is and where does it come from? (5 common organisms)
infection of renal parenchyma
UTI, ascending infection common organisms are: e. coli s. saprophyticus klebsiella proteus mirabilis candida
risk factors for pyelonephritis
Urinary obstruction immunocompromised history of previous pyelonephritis diabetes frequent sexual intercourse
pyelonephritis h and p
flank pain chills n/v urinary frequency dysuria urgency fever
these are systemic symptoms
labs will show: increased WBC increased ESR and CRP WBC casts in urine \+ urine cultures
Treat pyelonephritis
A few days of IV abx followed by outp PO abx
fluoroquinolones
aminoglycosides
3rd gen cephalosporins such as ceftriaxone
Complications of pyelonephritis in pregnancy
increased risk of
preterm birthweight
low birthweight
treat with ceftriaxone and avoid fluoroquinolones in pregnancy
Nephrolithiasis: Calcium oxalate stones
most common type
idiopathic
needs to hydrate well and minimize stone formation
Nephrolithiasis: struvite stones
contain ammonium, magnesium, phosphate
Associated with UTIs (esp proteus, klebsiella)
urease splits urea producing ammonium
staghorn stones
radio-opaque
nephrolithiasis: calcium phosphate stones
think of
- hyperparathyroidism
- renal tubular acidosis
nephrolithiasus: uric acid stones
not seen on plain xray
diagnose with constrasted study or CT
associated with gout and chemotherapy
Can be dissolved: alkalinize urine with potassium citrate or bicarbonate
Nephrolithiasis: cystine stones
hereditary form of stone in patients with cystinuria
risk factors for nephrolithiasis
- family history
- personal history (anyone with a stone has a 50% chance of developing another stone within the next 10 years)
- diabetes
- gout
- hypercalcemia
- hyperparathyroidism
- drugs: loop, thiazide, acetazolamide diuretics, and topiramate
nephrolithiasis h and p
acute, colicky, flank pain with radiation to ipsilateral lower quadrant
genital pain
hematuria
n/v
lower UTI symptoms (frequency, discomfort while voiding)
nephrolithiasis diagnosis
Plain film or KUB
non-contrast stone protocol CT abdomen/pelvis is the most sensitive and also picks up uric acid stones
US if pregnant Intravenous pyelography (IVP)
where do stones most commonly get stuck?
ureterovesical junction
renal colic versus peritonitis
patient with renal colic will be writhing around, can’t find a comfortable position
peritonitis patient tends to be rigid to avoid irritation associated with movement
What is the general treatment for calcium nephrolithiasis?
8-9mm stones are about 50% likely to pass
If in the proximal ureter, about 50% likely to pass.
If in the UVJ, about 80% likely to pass
Expectant management:
1. PAIN CONTROL (nsaids, opioids)
2, HYDRATION
3. TAMSULOSIN/NIFEDIPINE
Strain urine with strainer and bring stones to lab for analysis
Tamsulosin (relaxes stone in the distal ureter)
Nifedipine
Pain medications: NSAIDs (diclofenac), hydrocodone/acetaminophen PRN breakthrough pain
A repeat CT can be used to see if the stone has passed
Hospitalization by urology is required if…
- clinical complete obstruction (regardless of hydronephrosis on CT scan)
- unable to tolerate PO intake despite nausea meds
- intractable pain not able to be relieved with PO meds
- acutely elevated BUN or creatinine or anuria
- fever (sepsis), pyelonephritis, or urosepsis
Surgical treatment if…
- 10-20% of all kidney stones require surgical removal
- required if: unable to pass stone after 4-6 weeks, complete urinary obstruction, persistent infection, impairment of renal function
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for stones in renal pelvis or upper ureter
Ureter stones- ureteroscopy with possible lithotripsy and possible stone placement
staghorn calculi- percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) for gigantor stones
Hematuria in a patient
idiopathic UTI kidney stones exercise trauma endometriosis in the bladder
persistent hematuria in a patient
glomerular disease
persistent hematuria in a patient 20-50yo
APKD
Neoplasm
Glomerular disease
Persistent hematuria in a patient >50yo
APKD
Neoplasm
Glomerular disease
BPH
What are the steps in evaluating hematuria?
Thorough physical exam, UA, CBC, chem 8, PSA (men over 40)
UA in women with hematuria should be via straight cath, or after perineum is cleansed and a tampon is placed in the vagina
CT scan abd/pelvis stone protocol (no contrast) to rule out renal stone
If CT stone protocol reveals no stones, then CT abd/pelvis with contrast and post- CT plain film KUB (equivalent to IVP) to view any radiopaque stones
If low suspicion of disease, consider treatment for UTI and f/u UA in 3-5 days
If smoker, over age 50, cyclophosphamide use, FHx or urinary tract cancer, or suspicious for cancer, then send urine for cytology and perform cystoscopy
If workup reveals no pathology, consider igA nephrology or thin basement membrane disease. Routinely (q6m) repeat UA and urine cytology, and consider f/u with renal sonogram and cystoscopy in 1 year
Hydronephrosis
dilation of renal calices as a result of increased pressure in the distal urinary tract
generally caused by urinary tract obstruction- kidney stones (Unilateral hydronephrosis)
BPH
Cancer
posterior urethral valves
H and P asymptomatic dull or intermittent flank pain history of UTI anuria
Radiology dilation of renal calyces -US -IVP -CT
Treatment
Drainage
Treat the underlying issue
leave a stent in the ureter
complications:
renal failure
adult (audosomal dominan) polycystic kidney disease h and p
hereditary
AD
large multi-cystic kidneys, prone to develop SAH (15%)
presents like RCC:
flank pain chronic UTIs gross hematuria large palpable kidneys HTN
Labs:
increased BUN and increased creatinine
anemia (low EPO)
urinalysis- hematuria, proteinuria
Radiology: US or CT
- large multicystic kidneys
- stones
Treatment:
- vasopressin receptor antagonists
- amiloride
- treatment of UTIs and HTN
- drainage of large cysts
- dialysis or transplant
Complications:
- ESRD
- Hepatic cysts
- Intracranial aneurysms
- SAH
- mitral valve prolapse
RCC
MC primary neoplasm of the renal parenchyma
risk factors:
smoking
exposure to cadmium or asbestos
age
H and P: flank pain weight loss abdominal mass HTN fever hematuria scrotal varicocele (11%)
labs:
polycythemia due to increased EPO
DO NOT BIOPSY, because you can seed the tract causing metastasis
Treatment:
nephrectomy or renal- sparing resection with lymph node dissection
immunotherapy
radiation
chemotherapy
early recognition significantly improves prognosis