Growth and Development Flashcards
Growth is _______ while development is __________.
quantitative
qualitative
Quantitative changes in a person over time.
Growth
Qualitative changes seen over time.
Development
What are the two developmental theorists which we cover in this class?
Jean Piaget
Erik Eriskon
Piaget’s developmental theory was ________-based; Eriskon’s was ________-based.
Cognitive
psychosocial
Jean Piaget’s theory of ________ development. Begins at _______ and continues until ________.
cognitive
birth
adulthood
Piaget’s hypothesis was that children’s minds were not simply smaller versions of ______ minds. Instead, he believed that intelligence grows and develops through a series of ______.
According to Piaget, there are both ________ and _________ differences between the thinking of young children versus older childre,
adult
stages
qualitative
quantitative
Erikson divides the lifespan into how may stages?
8
According to Eriskon, what happens if a person doesn’t successfully navigate a developmental task?
The person moves on regardless to the next stage
In infancy, the birth weight at six months is _______,, and ______ by 12 months.
doubled
triplet
In the first year of an infant’s life, there is an increase in height by ___%. Most of this in the ______ area.
50%
Trunk
Anterior fontanelle stays open for the first __-___ months. Posterior fontanelle close by __ months.
What is the purpose of them remaining open?
12-18 months
2 months
To accomodate brain growth
When does most brain growth occur?
In the first 2 years - 2/3rds of brain growth occurs
When does the brain stop growing?
Around the second decade of life
It is normal for babies to lose up to 10% of their bodyweight in the first few days?
Yes, typically by the third day of life
Why would breastfed babies lose a little more weight than bottle fed ones in the first few days following birth?
Because breast milk often doesn’t come in until the 3rd day postpartum
What is the age range in which children are in the sensorimotor stage?
birth - 2 years
What are the six substages of the sensorimotor stage? What are the time frames (in months)?
Simple reflexes - 0-1 Primary circular reactions - (1-4) Secondary circular reactions (4-8) Coordination of vision and touch (8-12) Tertiary circular reactions (12-18) internalization of schemes (18-24)
What are primary circular reactions?
These are not reflex actions, but done intentionally for the pleasure of stimulation
What is the basic simple reflex?
Sucking
Example would be baby kicks to see mobile move/shake a rattle for the pleasure of the sound.
Secondary circular reaction
Tertiary reactions are different from secondary circular reaction because these are _________ adaptations to certain situations.
intentional
What is crucial for the acquisition of object permanence?
the ability to visualize things that are not physically present
In the infancy life stage, we are dealing with what part of Erikson’s model?
Trust vs. mistrust (0-2)
What is the key to trust vs. mistrust?
What is the question at this stage?
Trust is key - constant caregiving.
Question is: Can i trust the world?
What needs need to be met in the trust vs. mistrust stage?
Security and love needs (skin to skin, right from birth)
What is the number one cause of death in infancy?
SIDS = sudden infant death syndrome
What are the keys to prevent SIDS?
Sleep on back, make sure the room isn’t too warm, reducing cigarette smoke
Children in a car seat should face the _____ until about ___kg.
back
9kg
Early childhood (__-__ years) - aka _______.
1-3 years
Toddlers
What are key aspects of physical development in toddlers?
Elimination - daytime bladder control and full bowel control
Fine and gross motor development
A child has all __ primary teeth by this age.
all 20 by 2 1/2 years of age
What stage would toddlers be in according to Piaget?
Preoperational stage
What is the age range of the pre-operational stage?
2-7 years of age
Children master the ability to picture, remember, understand and replicate objects that are not immediately in front of them.
What stage?
Symbolic function
Preoperational
An example of this would be a child able to tell you about or draw a picture of their pet, even if their pet is not there.
Symbolic function (pre-operational)
Describes the way that children in this stage learn - by asking why, and how come?
preoperational stage
intuitive thought
Children in the preoperational stage are described as ________, because they can only see the world from their point of view.
Egocentric
Children in the preoperational stage are able to count to __.
When they play, they are able to _______ adults.
_________ develops here and they can communicate in logical form.
10
imitate (make believe)
Language
The stage of Erikson’s theory from ages 1-3.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
In Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt: Age - ? Use of this verbal expression Play is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is difficult.
1-3
No
parallel
Sharing
Engage in activities side by side without a common goal. What is it?
What stage?
Parallel play
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
How is autonomy developed in Early childhood?
By making choices
What is the question at the Autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage?
Can I control my own behaviour?
During the Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage, what should be encouraged, why?
Reading for litteracy and language development - learn independence and develops self-confidence
In language development, what is the difference between receptive and productive language?
Receptive - understanding when you listen and what you read
Productive - speaking and writing - how one expresses their needs
What are things that a nurse should keep in mind when assessing a child in the early childhood (1-3 years) stage?
Fears
Negativism
Siblings
(keep security objects in hand, explain and maintain limits). (Encourage participation/play)
What is important for adequate nutrition in the early childhood stage (1-3 years).
Full fat milk (limited to 3 cups) to promote other nutrient intake
What are the aspects of physical development for late childhood 93-6 years)?
Elimination
Fully trained
independent
In the preoperational stage,children start to ______ and can understand that a friend may have a _________ perspective.
cooperate
different
What is the stage of Erikson’s theory for late childhood (3-6 years old)?
Initiative vs. guilt
What is the major conflict of the initiative vs. guilt stage?
Conflicts arise bewteen the child’s desire to explore and the limits placed on their behaviour - can lead to feelings of frustration and guilt
What is the question in the initiative vs. guilt stage?
Can i become independent of my parents and explore my limits?
What is something a nurse can do to really alleviate some fears that children (3-6) may have when coming to see them?
Child life and trial rungs - tours of OR, procedure room, do on teddy bear first
This should be screened in late childhood before going to school.
Vision
What are hallmarks of physical development in school age children (6-11)?
Refinement of fine and motor development
Primary teeth replaced by permanent teeth
What stage do children enter during school age?
Concrete operational stage - 7-11
What is the hallmark of the concrete operational stage?
Understand conservation (i.e. amounts stay the same regardless of vessel they are in) Can sort objects in order based on any characteristic.
What is the Erikson stage of school aged children (6-11)?
Industry vs. inferiority
What is the question during the industry vs. inferiority stage?
Can I master the skills necessary to survive and adapt?
The School age life stage is associated with many _______ and can place a lot of stress on kids.
change
What is something important to nurse should emphaisze to parents for school aged children?
Allow children to make decisions, accept responsibility and learn from experience.
Encourage parents to offer the child many opportunities through extracurriculars.
