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Health Promotion and Assessment > Growth and Development > Flashcards

Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Growth is _______ while development is __________.

A

quantitative

qualitative

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2
Q

Quantitative changes in a person over time.

A

Growth

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3
Q

Qualitative changes seen over time.

A

Development

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4
Q

What are the two developmental theorists which we cover in this class?

A

Jean Piaget

Erik Eriskon

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5
Q

Piaget’s developmental theory was ________-based; Eriskon’s was ________-based.

A

Cognitive

psychosocial

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6
Q

Jean Piaget’s theory of ________ development. Begins at _______ and continues until ________.

A

cognitive
birth
adulthood

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7
Q

Piaget’s hypothesis was that children’s minds were not simply smaller versions of ______ minds. Instead, he believed that intelligence grows and develops through a series of ______.
According to Piaget, there are both ________ and _________ differences between the thinking of young children versus older childre,

A

adult
stages
qualitative
quantitative

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8
Q

Erikson divides the lifespan into how may stages?

A

8

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9
Q

According to Eriskon, what happens if a person doesn’t successfully navigate a developmental task?

A

The person moves on regardless to the next stage

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10
Q

In infancy, the birth weight at six months is _______,, and ______ by 12 months.

A

doubled

triplet

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11
Q

In the first year of an infant’s life, there is an increase in height by ___%. Most of this in the ______ area.

A

50%

Trunk

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12
Q

Anterior fontanelle stays open for the first __-___ months. Posterior fontanelle close by __ months.
What is the purpose of them remaining open?

A

12-18 months
2 months
To accomodate brain growth

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13
Q

When does most brain growth occur?

A

In the first 2 years - 2/3rds of brain growth occurs

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14
Q

When does the brain stop growing?

A

Around the second decade of life

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15
Q

It is normal for babies to lose up to 10% of their bodyweight in the first few days?

A

Yes, typically by the third day of life

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16
Q

Why would breastfed babies lose a little more weight than bottle fed ones in the first few days following birth?

A

Because breast milk often doesn’t come in until the 3rd day postpartum

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17
Q

What is the age range in which children are in the sensorimotor stage?

A

birth - 2 years

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18
Q

What are the six substages of the sensorimotor stage? What are the time frames (in months)?

A 
Simple reflexes - 0-1 
Primary circular reactions - (1-4)
Secondary circular reactions (4-8)
Coordination of vision and touch (8-12)
Tertiary circular reactions (12-18)
internalization of schemes (18-24)
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19
Q

What are primary circular reactions?

A

These are not reflex actions, but done intentionally for the pleasure of stimulation

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20
Q

What is the basic simple reflex?

A

Sucking

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21
Q

Example would be baby kicks to see mobile move/shake a rattle for the pleasure of the sound.

A

Secondary circular reaction

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22
Q

Tertiary reactions are different from secondary circular reaction because these are _________ adaptations to certain situations.

A

intentional

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23
Q

What is crucial for the acquisition of object permanence?

A

the ability to visualize things that are not physically present

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24
Q

In the infancy life stage, we are dealing with what part of Erikson’s model?

A

Trust vs. mistrust (0-2)

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25
Q

What is the key to trust vs. mistrust?

What is the question at this stage?

A

Trust is key - constant caregiving.

Question is: Can i trust the world?

26
Q

What needs need to be met in the trust vs. mistrust stage?

A

Security and love needs (skin to skin, right from birth)

27
Q

What is the number one cause of death in infancy?

A

SIDS = sudden infant death syndrome

28
Q

What are the keys to prevent SIDS?

A

Sleep on back, make sure the room isn’t too warm, reducing cigarette smoke

29
Q

Children in a car seat should face the _____ until about ___kg.

A

back

9kg

30
Q

Early childhood (__-__ years) - aka _______.

A

1-3 years

Toddlers

31
Q

What are key aspects of physical development in toddlers?

A

Elimination - daytime bladder control and full bowel control

Fine and gross motor development

32
Q

A child has all __ primary teeth by this age.

A

all 20 by 2 1/2 years of age

33
Q

What stage would toddlers be in according to Piaget?

A

Preoperational stage

34
Q

What is the age range of the pre-operational stage?

A

2-7 years of age

35
Q

Children master the ability to picture, remember, understand and replicate objects that are not immediately in front of them.
What stage?

A

Symbolic function

Preoperational

36
Q

An example of this would be a child able to tell you about or draw a picture of their pet, even if their pet is not there.

A 
Symbolic function
(pre-operational)
37
Q

Describes the way that children in this stage learn - by asking why, and how come?

A

preoperational stage

intuitive thought

38
Q

Children in the preoperational stage are described as ________, because they can only see the world from their point of view.

A

Egocentric

39
Q

Children in the preoperational stage are able to count to __.
When they play, they are able to _______ adults.
_________ develops here and they can communicate in logical form.

A

10
imitate (make believe)
Language

40
Q

The stage of Erikson’s theory from ages 1-3.

A

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

41
Q 
In Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt:
Age - ?
Use of this verbal expression
Play is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is difficult.
A

1-3
No
parallel
Sharing

42
Q

Engage in activities side by side without a common goal. What is it?
What stage?

A

Parallel play

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

43
Q

How is autonomy developed in Early childhood?

A

By making choices

44
Q

What is the question at the Autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage?

A

Can I control my own behaviour?

45
Q

During the Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage, what should be encouraged, why?

A

Reading for litteracy and language development - learn independence and develops self-confidence

46
Q

In language development, what is the difference between receptive and productive language?

A

Receptive - understanding when you listen and what you read

Productive - speaking and writing - how one expresses their needs

47
Q

What are things that a nurse should keep in mind when assessing a child in the early childhood (1-3 years) stage?

A

Fears
Negativism
Siblings
(keep security objects in hand, explain and maintain limits). (Encourage participation/play)

48
Q

What is important for adequate nutrition in the early childhood stage (1-3 years).

A

Full fat milk (limited to 3 cups) to promote other nutrient intake

49
Q

What are the aspects of physical development for late childhood 93-6 years)?

A

Elimination
Fully trained
independent

50
Q

In the preoperational stage,children start to ______ and can understand that a friend may have a _________ perspective.

A

cooperate

different

51
Q

What is the stage of Erikson’s theory for late childhood (3-6 years old)?

A

Initiative vs. guilt

52
Q

What is the major conflict of the initiative vs. guilt stage?

A

Conflicts arise bewteen the child’s desire to explore and the limits placed on their behaviour - can lead to feelings of frustration and guilt

53
Q

What is the question in the initiative vs. guilt stage?

A

Can i become independent of my parents and explore my limits?

54
Q

What is something a nurse can do to really alleviate some fears that children (3-6) may have when coming to see them?

A

Child life and trial rungs - tours of OR, procedure room, do on teddy bear first

55
Q

This should be screened in late childhood before going to school.

A

Vision

56
Q

What are hallmarks of physical development in school age children (6-11)?

A

Refinement of fine and motor development

Primary teeth replaced by permanent teeth

57
Q

What stage do children enter during school age?

A

Concrete operational stage - 7-11

58
Q

What is the hallmark of the concrete operational stage?

A 
Understand conservation (i.e. amounts stay the same regardless of vessel they are in)
Can sort objects in order based on any characteristic.
59
Q

What is the Erikson stage of school aged children (6-11)?

A

Industry vs. inferiority

60
Q

What is the question during the industry vs. inferiority stage?

A

Can I master the skills necessary to survive and adapt?

61
Q

The School age life stage is associated with many _______ and can place a lot of stress on kids.

A

change

62
Q

What is something important to nurse should emphaisze to parents for school aged children?

A

Allow children to make decisions, accept responsibility and learn from experience.
Encourage parents to offer the child many opportunities through extracurriculars.

Health Promotion and Assessment (13 decks)

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