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Health Promotion and Assessment > Abdominal/Gastrointestinal assessment > Flashcards

Abdominal/Gastrointestinal assessment Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different landmarks for the GI system?

A

Pubic symphysic, ziphoid process, costal margins

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2
Q

How many quadrants is the GI system typically divided into?

A

4

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3
Q

What is the most common issue for the RLQ?

A

appendix issues (gynecological as well)

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4
Q

What are the LLQ issues mostly related to?

A

colon

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5
Q

Patients mostly come in complaining of what related to GI?

How do kids describe GI pain?

A

Most patients complain of pain

Kids will point to belly button, regardless of issue

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6
Q

Hematemesis

A

Vomitting blood

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7
Q

Difficulty swallowing

A

Dysphagia

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8
Q

Pain when swallowing

A

Odynophagia

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9
Q

Liver issue causing yellowing of the skin

A

Jaundice

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10
Q

How is heart burn affected when a person lies down?

A

Gets worse since gravity is no longer assisting them

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11
Q

What are some common descriptors of heart burn?

A

Burning sensation
metallic taste in mouth
increased amount of burping

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12
Q

Pain associated with organs.

A

visceral pain

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13
Q

Type of pain that is well localized over the involved structure (e.g. appendicitis)

A

Parietal pain

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14
Q

What is an example of a GI issue that will have radiating pain?

A

Gallbladder attack – back pain, nausea

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15
Q

Why do many patients engage in the fetal position when having GI distress?

A

reduced irritation and distension of the peritoneum

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16
Q

If eating makes the pain lesser, what is most likely the GI issues?

A

Peptic ulcer (stomach)

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17
Q

If eating makes the pain worse, what is most likely the GI issue?

A

Esophageal reflux

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18
Q

Where does appendix pain usually start, before moving to the RLQ?

A

Belly button

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19
Q

Why can dentures cause pain to older adults?

A

As we get older, our facial structure and mouth changes size - dentures may not fit well and start to rub

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20
Q

What are the cranial nerves to keep in mind for GI?

A

CN 9 and 11 - for swallowing

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21
Q

What may be the only symptom of GERD (gastric esophageal reflux disease)?

A

coughing

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22
Q

How may LOC impact GI?

A

may be an issue for swallowing

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23
Q

Who are at most risk for dehydration related to vomiting?

A

Children and the elderly

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24
Q

When vomit looks like it has coffee grinds, what does this mean?

A

Dry blood is present

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25
Q

What is frank hematemesis?

A

Bright red blood in vomit

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26
Q

Why is it important to ask where a person has eaten if they have had food poisoning?

A

We track this information for public health

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27
Q

What are the questions we ask for stool?

A

Nature, consistency, frequency, amount, odour, colour.

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28
Q

What is the biggest red flag for colour in bowel movements?

A

Black, tarry stools - digested blood called melena

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29
Q

Melena occurs due to what?

A

Issues in the SI or lower - often related to colon cancer

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30
Q

Why is it more concerning if people have diarrhea at night?

A

Bowels are usually inactive at night - will be worried of inflammatory bowel disease if there is not a GI bug

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31
Q

What is important to also note if a patient is having diarrhea?

A

any weight loss

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32
Q

What is the cutoff for constipation?

A

10 days without a bowel movement (esp. children) is constipation

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33
Q

What is the likely cause of the inability to fully evacuate the bowels?

A

Obstruction - either due to cancer or decreased in colon peristalsis

34
Q

What is steatorrhea?

A

Increased amount of fat in stools related to pancreatitis

35
Q

How is peristalsis affected as we age?

A

Decreases

36
Q

What is the meme about fiber in the diet?

A

Need to also have fluids or else this won’t help at all

37
Q

What is the BPG for fluid intake?

A

6-8 glasses per day

38
Q

What is important regarding patients post-surgery?

A

Ambulate them to stimulate peristalsis

39
Q

What is one of the number one reasons children get constipated?

A

Not going to the bathroom out of embarrassment (may be an issue in hospitals)

40
Q

How do personal habits come into play when a person is constipated?

A

Nurse can help implement a bowel routine - ex: going to the bathroom after eating to promote peristalsis

41
Q

Why do health professionals try to avoid the use of laxatives for treatment of constipation?

A

The bowel can get trained to be reliant on them

42
Q

What is the best position for evacuating the bowels?

A

Raising the knees

left side, fetal position

43
Q

What is encopresis? Why does it happen?

A

Involuntary loss of control of the bowel.

Happens to children when they hold in their bowel movement.

44
Q

How do anesthetics affect bowel movements?

A

stops bowel movements, then slows them down

45
Q

What are some medications that cause constipation?

A

Opioids and narcotics
iron supplements
Meds affecting urination: diuretics, anti-cholinergics, SSRIs
(pretty much any medication)

46
Q

How can diagnostic tests affect the GI system?

A

some diagnostic tests can reduce peristalsis

47
Q

What is the order of techniques for GI assessment?

A

Inspection, auscultation, palpation, percussion.

48
Q

Where does inspection begin?

A

Upper GI - ex: teeth

49
Q

What is Hutchinson’s teeth related to?

A

(congenital syphilis)

acid erosion pathology

50
Q

How does vitamin B deficiency manifest itself in the GI system?

A

angular stomatitis (sides of lips get roasted)

51
Q

How do many medications affect the gums?

A

Cause gingival hypertrophy

52
Q

Pigmentation of the gums is often due to what?

A

Cancer

53
Q

What is scrotal tongue?

A

Benign, non-pathological condition causing fissures in the tongue

54
Q

What causes strawberry tongue?

A

Scarlet fever

55
Q

What is a classic stance that GI patients will adopt?

A

Guarding stance

56
Q

What are some things we inspect for for the GI assessment?

A

Skin colour
symmetry, size, shape, distension
facial expression and posture
general behaviour

57
Q

What are striae

A

stretch marks

58
Q

Accumulation of fluid in the abdomen causes what? What is done for it?

A

ascites - drain it

59
Q

What is the purpose of auscultation for GI assessment?

A

Listen for bowel sounds/peristalsis

60
Q

What is the normal rate of bowel sounds?

A

5-35 sounds per minute

61
Q

Auscultation of the GI system is not really important unless what?

A

there is pain

62
Q

How long does one have to listen for before one can say bowel sounds are absent?

A

5 minutes (each quadrant)

63
Q

What could cause hyperactive bowel sounds?

A

irritable bowel syndrome, diarrhea

64
Q

What could cause hypoactive bowel sounds?

A

post-surgery, immobility, constipation

65
Q

When is the optimal time to listen for bowel sounds?

A

after eating

66
Q

Are bowel sounds heard even if there is an obstruction?

A

yes, still can hear some

67
Q

When is the bell used for abdominal assessment?

A

to listen for bruits

68
Q

Percussion.
What kind of sounds should be heard over organs?
Everywhere else?
Constipation?

A

dullness
tympanic - air filled
dullness

69
Q

What is the purpose of palpation of the abdomen?

A

Detect areas of tenderness, unexpected distension, or masses

70
Q

How can the stethoscope be used for palpation?

A

Press gently to make sure patient actually feels pain in those areas

71
Q

What is rebound tenderness, and what is it a sign of?

A

pain on the rebound after pushing the hand down

associated with appendicitis

72
Q

What is palpated last for the abdomen?

A

the area of tenderness

73
Q

CVA - costal vertebral tenderness is associated with what?

A

Kidney issues

74
Q

What is the abdominal shape of children?

A

Protuberant

75
Q

How may the umbilicus be affected in pregnant women?

A

may pop out

76
Q

For older people, why is it easier to palpate?

A

less muscle tone

77
Q

Why is a CBC done for GI asesssment?

A

asses infection, anemia with Celiac, etc.

78
Q

What is the purpose of an occult blood test?

A

Determine if there is blood in the stool that cannot be seen

79
Q

What is endoscopy? Colonoscopy?

A

Mouth to stomach

rectum to stomach

80
Q

Endoscopy going into the biliary tree of the liver into the pancreatic system

A

ERCP

Health Promotion and Assessment (13 decks)

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