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Health Promotion and Assessment > Cardiovascular assessment - important concepts > Flashcards

Cardiovascular assessment - important concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Try to name at least 4 different risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

A 
Previous family history
Increased age
Elevated serum cholesterol
High BP
Diabetes mellitus
Ethnicity
obesity
smoking
sedentary lifestyle
post-menopausal women
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2
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Accumulation of lipids in the arteries

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3
Q

What are modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

A 
Serum cholesterol
BP
diabetes
obesity
smoking
sedentary/lack of exercise
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4
Q

What is one of the major risks for congestive heart failure?

A

alcohol

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5
Q

In the DASH guideline (Dietary approach to stopping hypertension), what substance is recommended to be limited?

A

salt

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6
Q

What are the steps for performing the physical assessment of the cardiovascular system? (general)

A

History –> inspection –> palpation (pulses for example) –> auscultation (HR and sounds)

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7
Q

If there is chest pain in a CV assessment, what do we use?

A

OLDCARTS

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8
Q

How can we differentiate MSK pain from angina or MI pain?

A

Palpating MSK pain will make it worse.
If the pain radiates down the left arm or on a dermatome, this is common of angina/MI
- classic sign is that pain leaves after stopping exertion for the latter

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9
Q

Occurs when the peripheral arteries don’t get enough oxygen when exerted - ex: calf muscles start to cramp and become painful due to lack of oxygenation.

A

Intermittent clautication

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10
Q

What are some associated symptoms with CV issues?

A

Nausea, vomitting, diaphoresis, SOB, syncope (etc.)

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11
Q

What is syncope?

A

fainting

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12
Q

Describe the causal arrow between respiratory and cardiovascular.

A

Cardiovascular tends to influence respiratory, but respiratory does not really influence CV

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13
Q

What is nocturia?

A

excessive urination at night

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14
Q

Pain for CV issues tends to be described as what?

A

Crushing

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15
Q

What do we look for in the general survey for assessment of the CV system?

A 
Skin colour
Respirations
Speech pattern
Size and shape of thorax
Finger - nailbeds, clubbing
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16
Q

What do we look for during inspection of the peripheral vascular system?

A

colour of lower extremities
body hair distribution
lesions, scars
edema

17
Q

Where is the best place to start for a CV assessment?

A

Vital signs

18
Q

When checking the carotid pulse, what should you ask the patient to do?

A

Hold their breath to prevent hearing bronchial sounds (hold your breath so you are cognizant of how long you are making them do it too!)

19
Q

When listening to the carotid pulse in a CV assessment, what part of the stethoscope is used?

A

the bell

20
Q

Where is the PMI?

A

4-5th ICS, midclavicular line

21
Q

What are the five different areas to listen for heart sounds?
How do we listen to them?

A

Aortic, pulmonic, Erb’s point, tricuspid, mitral
(all people enjoy time magazine)
use diaphragm first, then bell

22
Q

Where do we place the stethoscope for the aortic heart sounds?

A

Right side of chest near the sternum, 2nd ICS

23
Q

Where do we place the stethoscope to hear the pulmonic heart sounds?

A

left sternal border, 2nd ICS

24
Q

Where do we place the stethoscope for the Erb’s point heart sounds?

A

left sternal border, 3rd ICS

25
Q

Where do we place the stethoscope for the tricuspid heart sounds?

A

lower left sternal border, 3-4th ICS

26
Q

Where do we place the stethoscope for the mitral heart sounds?

A

where we find the PMI

27
Q

Where is S2 best heard?

A

Pulmonic area

28
Q

Where is S1 best heard?

A

Mitral area

29
Q

What is S1

A

Signals the beginning of systole and is the sound heard when the AV (tricuspid/mitral) valves close.
Heard best at the mitral area

30
Q

What is S2?

A

Signals the beginning of diastole.
Sound heard when the semi-lunar valves close (aortic and pulmonary).
Best heard at pulmonic area.

31
Q

turbulence causing swooshing or blowing sound, mostly due to cardiac abnormalities

A

murmurs

32
Q

turbulent blood flow, usually by partial obstruction

A

bruits

33
Q

Systolic murmurs are heard when?

A

between S1 and S2

34
Q

When are diastolic murmurs heard?

A

After S2

35
Q

When does S3 happen?

S4?

A

S3 after S2

S4 right before S1

36
Q

Where would a diastolic murmur be heard best?

A

aortic area (or pulmonic)

37
Q

Where would a systolic murmur be heard best?

A

tricuspid area (or mitral)

38
Q

What are some effects of aging on the heart?

which is most important?

A

*increased BP is the most important
Increased collagen and decreased elastin
decreased contractility and HR
cardiac valve stiffening due to lipid accumulation or stenosis
Decrease in pacemaker cell numbers in the SA node
decreased sympathetic control of the CV system
arterial blood vessels thicken and become less elastic

Health Promotion and Assessment (13 decks)

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