Growth and Development Flashcards
define growth
increase in physical size and capacity over time
uses measurable things (height, weight, etc)
define development
a continuous process of increased skill and ability to function
motor, psychological, cognitive, language, moral development
define delayed development
development that comes later or past a set marker for their age
define expected development
development that is “normal” for their age and occurs within an expected age range
define advanced development
development that arises earlier than the set marker for that ability
can be good or bad
what factors impact G&D?
- genetics or natural forces
- environment
- interacting factors (disease, trauma)
what is the nature vs nurture theory?
a debate that explores how much of our G&D is determined by genetics (nature) versus our environment and experiences (nurture)
what are the 6 principles of G&D?
- continous and uneven
- interactions between genetics and environment
- head-down and body-outwards
- simple to complex and general to specific
- sequence is predictable but timing and duration vary
- sensitive periods
what are the developmental stages?
- infancy
- toddler
- preschool/early childhood
- school age/middle childhood
- adolescence
- young adulthood
- middle adulthood
- late/older adulthood
when is the neonate period?
from birth to 1 month
what are the 3 divisions of late/older adulthood?
- young
- middle
- old
define organicism
theory(ies) that development is a result of biologically-driven behavior and a person’s adaptation to their environment
what is the basis of psychoanalytic and psychosocial theories?
describe the development of personality, thinking, behavior, and emotions.
describe Freud’s psychosexual development theory
- stated that successful progression in society is based on balance between our pleasures and our professional development
- outlined 5 psychosexual stages each linked with a pleasure and gratification zone
define id
part of the mind concerned with basic intellectual impulses and drives to achieve pleasure
define ego
part of the mind that deals with mechanisms for resolving conflicts between environment and id
i.e. mediating force
define superego
our conscience shaped by standards of outside societal forces
define schema
the process by which an individual develops cognitive maps to organize and interpret information
define assimilation
the process of adding new information into our already existing schemas
define accomodation
alterations made to existing schemas based on new experiences and information
describe Piaget’s cognitive development theory
states that acquisition of knowledge and skills is done so by interacting with environment and playing an active role in learning
what are the 4 stages of Piaget’s cognitive development theory?
- sensorimotor
- preoperational
- concrete operations
- formal operations
describe Erikson’s psychosocial development theory
there are 8 stages with psychosocial tasks (or conflicts) that a person has to overcome in order to build sense of self and ability to be fulfilled in society
describe Kohlberg’s moral development theory
- outlined the development of principles of justice over time
- people’s morality progesses through 3 levels of development each with 2 stages
- moral development advances as cognitive development matures
define preconventional morality
as defined by Kohlberg
behaviour is motivated by avoiding punishment and driven by personal gain
define conventional morality
as defined by Kohlberg
actions are based on seeking social approval and decisions are based on obeying laws and maintaining order
define post-conventional morality
as defined by Kohlberg
behaviour considers the greater good and individual rights
what is a fault in Kohlberg’s moral development theory?
Focused only on males
describe Gilligan’s moral development theory
- focused on female development and more relationship-oriented
- 3 stages based on ethic of caring
define preconventional morality
as defined by Gilligan
morality is self-oriented, focusing on individual survival
define conventional morality
as defined by Gilligan
morality is other-oriented, focusing on self sacrifice
define postconventional morality
as defined by Gilligan
morality is universe-oriented, focus on having harmony between self and other
