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Board Exam Review > Growth and Development 1 > Flashcards

Growth and Development 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development: Birth-2 years old (Stage and Developmental phenomena)

A

Sensorimotor stage- experiencing the world through senses and actions

Developmental phenomena: object permanence and stranger anxiety

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2
Q

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development: 2-6 years old (Stage and Developmental phenomena)

A

Preoperational stage- representing things with words and images

Developmental phenomena: pretend play, egocentrism, and language development

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3
Q

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development: 7-11 years old (Stage and Developmental phenomena)

A

Concerte operational stage- thinking logically about concrete events and grasping concrete analogies

Developmental phenomena: conservation, mathematical transformation

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4
Q

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development: 12 y/o-adulthood (Stage and Developmental phenomena)

A

Formal operational- thinking about hypothetical scenarios and processing abstract thoughts

Developmental phenomena: abstract logic, potential for mature moral reasoning

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5
Q

Stages of Play: Solitary/independent play (3)

A
  1. More common in younger children (~2-3 years old or younger)
  2. Uninterested in or is unaware of what others are doing
  3. Child is alone and maintains focus on its activity
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6
Q

Stages of Play: Parallel play (5)

A
  1. Can be observed after the first birthday but is more common in 2-3 year olds
  2. A form of play in which children play adjacent to each other, but do not try to influence one another’s behavior
  3. Children usually play alone during parallel play but are interested in what other children are doing
  4. Adjacent play, social coaction
  5. Stage between socially immature solitary and onlooker type of play to a more socially mature associative and cooperative type of play
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7
Q

Stages of Play: Associative play (3)

A
  1. Preschoolers
  2. No organized activity but the child is interested in playing but does not coordinate their activity with others
  3. Substantial amount of interaction involved, but the activities are not in sync
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8
Q

Stages of Play: Cooperative play (4)

A
  1. Uncommon in preschoolers and Kindergarten years, because it requires more social maturity and more advanced organization skills
  2. Child wants to play with people and likes the activity
  3. Increased self identification with a group and group identity emerges
  4. Organized, with assigned roles
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9
Q

What should an infant be able to do between birth and one month of age? (2)

A
  1. Respond to sound at birth

2. Grasp reflex/fisted hand, lifts head in prone position, stares at face by one month

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10
Q

What should an infant be able to do at 2-3 months of age? (4)

A
  1. Good head control, grasp and shake rattle
  2. Smile and coo
  3. Follows objects past midline, lifts head 45 degrees in prone position
  4. May reach for object/person at 3 months
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11
Q

What should an infant be able to do at 4-5 months of age? (5)

A
  1. Put foot into mouth, puts objects into mouth
  2. Rolls front to back
  3. Reaches for object/person
  4. Brings hand past midline
  5. Laughs/expressive delight, smiles
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12
Q

What should an infant be able to do at 5-6 months of age? (5)

A
  1. Babbles with consonant sounds
  2. Rolls back to front
  3. Hand to hand object transfer
  4. Sits with support by 6 months
  5. May unilaterally reach or raking grasp by 6 months
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13
Q

What should an infant be able to do at 7-9 months of age? (6)

A
  1. Sits alone by 7-8 months
  2. Finger feeding, may have pincer grasp at 8-9 months
  3. Says “dada” “mama”, nonspecific
  4. Pulls to stand
  5. Feeds self by 9 months
  6. Understands no at 7-10 months
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14
Q

What should an infant be able to do at 9-12 months of age? (9)

A
  1. Creeps/crawls at 9-10 months
  2. Pulls to stand/cruises at 11-12 months
  3. Plays simple games: pat a cake at 9-10 months, marks on paper with crayon at 10-12 months
  4. Understands no at 9-10 months,
  5. undetsands 2-4 words beside mama/dada at 11-12 months
  6. Helps turn book pages, releases object when requested
  7. Stands independently, walks holding on
  8. Points to wants
  9. Wave bye-bye at 8-9 months
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15
Q

What should an infant be able to do at 12-15 months of age? (6)

A
  1. Stands alone, walks forward, may walk backward at 14 months
  2. Stacks 2 blocks
  3. Turns book pages
  4. Jabbering at 12-13 months
  5. One finger declarative point
  6. 15 months: indicates wants, may name objects, several words, walks alone, hugs parents
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16
Q

What should an infant be able to do at 16-18 months of age? (4)

A
  1. Walks forwards and backwards by 16 months, walks up steps with assistance
  2. Uses eating utensils
  3. Stacks 3 blocks by 17-18 months
  4. Begins to point to body parts ~15-18 months
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17
Q

What should an infant be able to do at 18-22 months of age? (3)

A
  1. Simple puzzles
  2. Walks up and down steps alone at 22-24 months
  3. 2 word phrases/sentences
18
Q

What should a 2 year old be doing? (12)

A
  1. Jumps with both feet
  2. Circular scribbling may imitate line by 2.5 years old
  3. Stacks 8 blocks
  4. Thumb wiggle
  5. Balance on each foot
  6. 30-50 words/3 word sentences
  7. Utilizes a fork and spoon
  8. Speaks 2 word sentences and follows 2 step commands
  9. Participates in 2 person parallel play
  10. Goes up and down steps
  11. Runs, climbs, opens doors, listens to stories, helps to undress
  12. Walks up steps one at a time
19
Q

What should a 3 year old be doing? (18)

A
  1. Build a tower of 9-10 cubes
  2. Imitates three cube bridge
  3. Puts on shoes
  4. Feeds self
  5. Balances on one foot 2-3 seconds
  6. Goes up and down alternating steps by 30 month
  7. Names three primary colors
  8. Recognizes self in mirror and says “that is me”
  9. Answers some “why” questions
  10. Gives 3 objects from a group-conceptual skill
  11. Copies circle
  12. Walks on tip toes at 3.5 years
  13. Counts 3 objects
  14. Knows age/sex
  15. Rides tricycle, stands on one feet
  16. Parallel play
  17. Washes hands
  18. Helps to dress
20
Q

What should a 4 year old be doing? (18)

A
  1. Catches bouncing ball and can throw a ball
  2. Stands on one foot for 5 seconds
  3. Walks down stairs alternating
  4. Throws ball underhand
  5. Gives 4 objects from a group
  6. Stands on one foot and raises the other
  7. Draws square
  8. Puts 4 sentences together in a connected group
  9. Hops and can hop on one foot
  10. Heel to toe walking
  11. Draws person with 6 parts at 4.5 years old
  12. Picks the longer of 2 lines
  13. Copies a cross
  14. Tells stories
  15. Counts 4 objects
  16. Uses scissors to cut pictures
  17. Interactive play
  18. Uses toilet alone*
21
Q

What should a 5 year old be doing? (

A
  1. Copies triangle
  2. Draws a person with 5-6 parts
  3. Names colors
  4. Counts to 10
  5. Skips successfully and hops 5 times
  6. Asks the meaning of words
  7. Dresses and undresses
  8. Bathes self
  9. Opens lock with key
  10. Cuts out simple shapes
22
Q

What is the order of tooth eruption? (5)

A
  1. Lower (and) central incisors then maxillary central incisors
  2. Lower lateral incisors then maxillary lateral incisor
  3. Cuspids (canines)
  4. 1st molars
  5. 2nd molars
23
Q

Pneumonic device to learn order of tooth eruption

A

Mama Is In Pain, Papa, Can Make Medicine:

1st Molar: 6 years
1st Incisor: 7 years
2nd Incisor: 8 years
1st Premolar: 9 years
2nd Premolar: 10 years
Canine: 11 years
2nd Molar: 12 years
3rd Molar: 18-25 years
24
Q

Freud: Oral phase (4)

A
  1. Birth-18 months old
  2. Primary focus is the mouth (sucking/eating)
  3. Major conflict: weaning
  4. Focused on the self with little differentiation from others
25
Q

Freud: Anal phase (4)

A
  1. 18 months-3 years old
  2. Primary focus = anal (elimination)
  3. Major conflict= potty training
  4. Focus on rebellion vs. parental demands
26
Q

Freud: Phallic phase (4)

A
  1. 3-5 years old
  2. Primary focus: genitals (exploration)
  3. Major conflict: oedipal
  4. Attracted to opposite sex parent, identifies with same sex parent
27
Q

Freud: Latency phase (2)

A
  1. 6-11 years old

2. No primary zone; focus on social relationships and mastery over impulses

28
Q

Freud: Genital phase (4)

A
  1. 11-17 years old
  2. Primary focus: genital (sexual maturity and expression)
  3. Major conflict: separation from family
  4. Focus on successful relationships
29
Q

Erikson Stage: Birth-18 months

A

Trust vs. Mistrust

-Trust develops when needs are met, mistrust develops when needs are ignored or met inconsistently

30
Q

Erikson Stage: 18 months-3 years

A

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

-Autonomy develops when control over body and environment is gained, shame and doubt develop when forced to be dependent in areas where they are capable of control

31
Q

Erikson Stage: 3-6 years

A

Initiative vs. Guilt

-Explores physical and imagines a fantasy world, conscience develops, guilty develops when activities are in conflict with goals of others

32
Q

Erikson Stage: 6-11 years

A

Industry vs. Inferiority

-Achieves a sense of accomplishment and mastery, inferiority develops when more is expected that can be achieved

33
Q

Erikson Stage: 11-18 years

A

Identity vs. Role Confusion

-Occupied with physical appearance and peers, role confusion develops when conflicts cannot be solved between child and society

34
Q

Kohlberg: Amoral Stage

A

Birth-18 months old; Moral reasoning cannot begin until a certain level of cognitive development

35
Q

Kohlberg: Obedience and Punishment Stage

A

18 months-3 years old; Behavioral decisions made based on fear of punishment, good vs bad defined by physical consequences

36
Q

Kohlberg: Instrumental Relativist Stage

A

3-6 years old; Behavioral decisions made based on concern for self or egocentric satisfaction

37
Q

Kohlberg: Interpersonal Concordance

A

6-11 years old; behavioral decisions made based on desire for approval from others

38
Q

Kohlberg: Law and Order

A

6-11 years old; behavioral decisions made based on respect for authority; laws take precedence over personal wishes

39
Q

Kohlberg: Social Contrast/Legalistic

A

11-18 years old; morality based on personal values

40
Q

Kohlberg: Universal Ethical Principle

A

11-18 years old; morality based on internalized ideals and conscience rather than social rules

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