Gross Lec1 Pg 1-20 Flashcards
the smallest functional unit of the myofibril that anatomically runs from one Z-line to the next Z-Line.
the sarcomere
the amount of sarcoplasm in the muscle fibers can be used to visually designate the muscles into two types?
Red (Dark) type 1 fibers
White (light) type 2 fibers
fewer capillary beds, fast twitch muscles
type 2 fibers (white)
The large dark areas of myofilaments
A-Bands
Which contractile protein is found primarily in the A-Bands.
Myosin
working to exhaustion to deplete the stored glycogen in muscles is what day of the carb loading method?
day 1
What does ATP stand for?
adenosine-tri-phosphate
the main protein elements of the skeletal muscle fibers and consist of actin and myosin?
contractile proteins
the phase of exercise where lactic acid can accumulate with the fibers?
phase three
the red protein pigment found in the sarcoplasm of the fiber
the myoglobin
<p>a protein pigment that is almost indistinguishable from the hemoglobin of red blood cells?</p>
<p>myoglobin</p>
the thin dark line down the center of each H-Band?
M-Bands
when skeletal muscle fibers have run out of ATP and the sarcoplasmic reticulum is unable to remove calcium ions from the myofibrils its known as? occurs after death.
Rigor Mortis
<p>Rigor Mortis causes a build up of calcium ions in myofibrils which trigger a?</p>
<p>sustained contraction, with the absence of ATP myosin and actin cannot detach causing the muscle to be Locked in that position.</p>
the process of an anaerobic pathway that uses glycogen is known as?
glycolysis, which a very quick process of creating energy but bogs down due to By-products.
Muscles, bones and joint combined form what system of the body?
The musculoskeletal system which is responsible for movement
<p>A grouping of muscle fibers into bundles is known as?</p>
<p>Fasciculi</p>
the five bands of myofilaments?
I-Band, the light areas
A-Band, the dark areas
H-Band, light area in the middle of each dark band
M-Bands, thin dark line down center of H-Bands
Z-Lines, thin dark line in the middle of each I-Band
<p>large amounts of sarcoplasm and myoglobin, and extensive capillary beds</p>
<p>type 1 fibers</p>
the anaerobic pathway depends on what two substances to produce ATP?
creatine phosphate and glycogen.
<p>fatty acids are the preferred by this pathway to produce ATP?</p>
<p>aerobic pathway</p>
<p>which phase of exercise only lasts a few minutes and creatine phosphate and glycogen are primary fuel sources?</p>
<p>phase one using anaerobic metabolism</p>
what are the two places where glycogen is usually stored?
either in muscle fibers or liver cells
exact definition of Contractility
The basic property of skeletal muscle and enables an individual to produce movement
<p>Several hundred to hundreds of thousands of muscle fibers exist inside what?</p>
<p>An individual muscle</p>
The three movement functions of skeletal muscle?
Enables us to move from place to place
Moves air in and out of our lungs
Moves body contents during digestion
<p>type 1 muscle fibers will be found in a higher proportion in what type of Runner?</p>
<p> a marathon or endurance runner</p>
<p>an increase of calcium permability can be caused by the use of what ergogenic method?</p>
<p>the use of caffeine</p>
when muscles size increases due to muscle fiber size increase it is known as?
hypertrophy
<p>The synergistic relationship of skeletal muscles, respiratory, digestive and circulatory muscles provides the body with sources of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.</p>
<p>Energy and nourishment</p>
<p>the binding of calcium with troponin actually changes the shape of what neaby molecule?</p>
<p>tropomyosin changes shape, exposing the myosin binding site. allowing the myosin to interact with this actin based molecule.</p>
<p>feeling light headed, dizzy and lethargic are side effects of what Ergogenic method?</p>
<p>carbohydrate or glycogen loading</p>
<p>how many grams of water are there for every gram of glycogen?</p>
<p>3 grams water for every 1 gram glycogen</p>
<p>what is the cell membrane of a muscle fiber?</p>
<p>sarcolemma</p>
<p>the four risks of blood doping/erythocythemia</p>
<p>rashes and fevers
acute hemolysis (breakdown of RBCs)
transmission of viruses
fluid overload lead to kidney damage and intravascular blood clotting</p>
<p>The specific function of the skeletal muscle is the production of voluntary movement, is known as?</p>
<p>Contractility </p>
<p>numerous mitochondria, atrophy with immobilization</p>
<p>type 1 fibers</p>
<p>What are the three layers of connective tissue from largest to smallest?</p>
<p>Epimysium, dense and surround whole muscle
Perimysium, surround each fasciculi
Endomysium, surround each individual fiber</p>
<p>the tendon is a continuation of the?</p>
<p>epimysium</p>
<p>the released binds with what molecules on the actin filament?</p>
<p>troponin</p>
<p>fewer mitochondria, more glycogen/fewer fatty acids</p>
<p>type 2 fibers</p>
<p>what is formed from longitudinally orientated bundles of thick and thin myofilaments?</p>
<p>Myofibrils</p>
<p>this connective tissue surrounds each individual muscle fiber?</p>
<p>The endomysium</p>
<p>from birth to adult, muscles may increase there diameter how many times?</p>
<p>10x larger</p>
<p>the light areas in the middle of each dark band?</p>
<p>H-Bands</p>
<p>type 2 fibers are utilized for what type of activities?</p>
<p>quick, more powerful activities such as sprinting or weight lifting</p>
<p>myoglobin stores the needed oxygen the fibers utilize for?</p>
<p>metabolism</p>
<p>the phase of exercise where you will see a shift in metabolism to the more efficient aerobic metabolism that uses fatty acids to produce ATP</p>
<p>Phase Two. caffeine can speed this transition up</p>
<p>muscles of weight lifters and sprinters contain a higher proportion of what muscle type?</p>
<p>type 2 fibers (white)</p>
<p>The pathway that creates more energy than is needed for the production of ATP and excess energy becomes heat for Homeostasis!?</p>
<p>Aerobic metabolism (pathway)</p>
<p>The three types of communication made possible by skeletal muscles?</p>
<p>Speech
Facial expression
Writing</p>
<p>atrophy with aging, fatigues easier</p>
<p>type 2 fibers</p>
<p>
| What is myology?</p>
<p>
| The branch of anatomy which deals with the muscular system?</p>
<p>as much as twenty percent of the glycogen store din the muscle may be used during this phase?</p>
<p>the first phase, glycogen creates instant energy but can only last a short time</p>
<p>What is the basic structural unit of a muscle fiber?</p>
<p>myofibril (cell)</p>
<p>The proteins troponin and tropomyosin which act to inhibit the interaction of actin and myosin are known as?</p>
<p>regulatory proteins</p>
<p>mental acuity may suffer and judgement might be impaired (though to be due to hypoglycemia) are side effects of what ergogenic method?</p>
<p>carbohydrate or glycogen loading</p>
<p>slow twitch muscles, and fatigues resistant</p>
<p>type 1 muscle fibers</p>
<p>which contractile protein is found mainly in the I-Bands?</p>
<p>Actin</p>
<p>tubular cavities/invaginations of the sarcolemma which allow electrical impulses to enter the muscle fiber and reach myofibrils.</p>
<p>the transverse T-Tubules (T-System)</p>
<p>The delicate connective tissue sheath which surrounds each individual muscle fiber and connects it to adjacent muscle fibers?</p>
<p>The endomysium. </p>
<p>When fasciculi are grouped together it forms the?</p>
<p>Individual muscle</p>
<p>What tissue connects muscle to bone or other structures?</p>
<p>Connective tissue connect muscle to bone by way of tendons and Sharpey's Fibers.</p>
<p>intermediate fibers have a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ resistance to fatigue but histologically resembles type \_\_\_ fibers?</p>
<p>greater resistance to fatigue and resembles type 2 fibers</p>
<p>posture maintaining, ocular, respiratory, and masticatory muscles are what type of muscle?</p>
<p>type 1 fiber (dark)</p>
<p>The three levels of structural muscle organization? Largest to smallest</p>
<p>Individual muscle
Fasciculi
Muscle fibers</p>
<p>the system of interaction between myosin and actin could not happen without what molecule?</p>
<p>ATP (adenosine-tri-phosphate) the famous energy supplier of the body.</p>
<p>what type of muscle is associated with anaerobic metabolism?</p>
<p>type 2 fibers (light)</p>
<p>Skeletal muscle can produce what percentage of our body heat?</p>
<p>85% </p>
<p>the fibers with characteristics between type 1 and type 2 muscles are known as?</p>
<p>intermediate fibers</p>
<p>The main job of skeletal muscle wouldn't be possible without stimuli from what body system?</p>
<p>The nervous system supplies the stimuli for movement</p>
<p>how long will Rigor Mortis last?</p>
<p>til enzymes break down the myofilaments</p>
<p>the increase in size due an actual increase in muscle fibers is known as?</p>
<p>hyperplasia</p>
<p>the continuous breakdown and reconstruction of ATP results in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of muscle.</p>
<p>the movement. ATP is the seemingly the fundamental reason behind everything...</p>
<p>the breakdown of adenosine-tri-phosphate into adenosine-di-phosphate provides the body with what?</p>
<p>ENERGY!!!!!! and a relatively large amount of heat. sometimes used for homeostasis!</p>
<p>the urinary threshold for competing athletes is 1000mg of what substance?</p>
<p>caffenine set by the International Olympic Committe</p>
<p>does it require less ATP to relax a muscle than it does to contract?</p>
<p>no it requires the same amount.</p>
<p>the phase where muscles transitions to the anaerobic metabolism to produce ATP utilizing the rest of the glycogen reserves?</p>
<p>phase three</p>
<p>what is the contractile apparatus of the muscle fibers that are formed from myofilaments?</p>
<p>Myofibrils are the contractile apparatus</p>
<p>each myofibril is composed of numerous units known as?</p>
<p>the sarcomere</p>
<p>the use of glycogen to produce energy is quick but gets bogged down quickly by what by-product?</p>
<p>lactic acid will quickly buildup by the glycolysis process</p>
<p>What type of muscle is found around eyelids, pupils, and mouth?</p>
<p>Sphincter muscles. They control the admission of light and food.</p>
<p>when myosin and actin interact with each other they create?</p>
<p>they create movement </p>
<p>The thin dark line in the middle of each I-Band</p>
<p>Z-Lines</p>
<p>Skeletal muscle makes up about what percent of the total body weight?</p>
<p>40 to 50 percent</p>
<p>true or false.
| large amounts of connective tissue will make muscles very tough</p>
<p>true</p>
<p>a localized increase ability to synthesize glycogen in a depleted muscle group is a result of what Ergogenic method?</p>
<p>glycogen or carbohydrate loading</p>
<p>the large light areas of myofilaments</p>
<p>I-bands</p>
<p>the extremely long, multinucleated muscle fiber has nuclei arranged where?</p>
<p>the periphery of the muscle fiber(cell)</p>
<p>each fiber contains dozens to hundreds of contractile units known as?</p>
<p>myofibrils</p>
<p>an elaborate, continuous tubular network interlaced with myofibrils and stores/transport calcium ions></p>
<p>the sarcoplasmic reticulum</p>
<p>the type of fibers found in places where long, sustained or continued contractions are required?</p>
<p>type 1 fiber (dark) (red)</p>
<p>the first substance used by the anaerobic pathway to allow the muscle to move immediately?</p>
<p>creatine phosphate, as there is always a small amount of creatine stored in the muscle fibers</p>
<p>when muscles fibers are subjected to overloading, which induces injury to individual fibers and followed by a regenerative period. this causes in increase in what?</p>
<p>increases the actual number of muscle fibers </p>
<p>an Ergogenic procedure to increase the oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells.</p>
<p>Blood Doping or Induced Erythrocythemia</p>
<p>intermediate fibers contract faster than type \_\_\_ and slower than type \_\_\_.</p>
<p>faster than type 1 but slower than type 2</p>
the increase in size of the individual muscle is usually due to an increase in?
increase of the individual muscle fiber (myofibril)
(no exercise and eat a diet high in carbohydrates) is what day of the carb loading method?
day 5-7
<p>Skeletal muscle is considered an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, composed of all\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ types.
</p>
Organ, tissue
Connective tissue binds what two levels of muscle together?
Muscle fibers and fasciculi
a dietary manipulation to increase the store of glycogen in the muscle fibers
glycogen of carbohydrate loading
what stimulates the release of calcium from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum?
the nerve impulse from the Transverse Tubules (T-Tubules)
A more dense layer which surround each fasciculi and thus divides the muscle into a series of separate compartments?
Perimysium
exercising and eat a diet mainly high in fats and proteins (very few carbs) is what day of the carb loading method?
day 2-4
the second substance used by the anaerobic pathway?
glycogen
the ergogenic procedure that increases the concentration of red blood cells is known as?
blood doping or Erythrocythemia
fatty acids are stored in the body as ________ ________ and released into the blood during __________?
fatty acids are stored as triglycerides and are released during exercise
the more efficient ( way to produce ATP in a muscle fiber that takes place in the mitochondria?
aerobic metabolism (pathway)
The muscle system depends of the integumentary system for what two functions?
Protection
Elimination of heat produced by muscular contractions
the undifferentiated cytolasm between the myofibrils and the other organelles of the muscle fiber, is known as?
the Sarcoplasm
myoglobin has a _________ affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin?
greater affinity
type 1 muscle fibers have relatively higher levels of continuous metabolic and thus us what type of metabolism?
endurance muscles are associated with aerobic metabolism
The non-conctractile framework made up of connective tissue known as tendons, allows the contraction of a muscle fiber to be transmitted where?
transmits the muscle contraction (To the bone.)