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Gross Anatomy 1 > FINAL gross clinical notes > Flashcards

FINAL gross clinical notes Flashcards

1
Q

when the hip joint can be found to be normal at birth but found abnormal later it is known as?

A

developmental dysplasia

congenital dislocation

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2
Q

what is the frequency of developmental dysplasia?

A

1.5 per 1000 births

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3
Q

is developmental dysplasia more common in males or females?

A

8x more common in females

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4
Q

ligamentous laxity is associated with developmental dysplasia and is responsible for what?

A

causes the hip to become unstable and slip out of position

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5
Q

the majority of infants with developmental dysplasia were born in what position?

A

breech position

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6
Q

if developmental dysplasia isnt corrected what may occur?

A 
pain
abnormal gait
unequal leg length
osteroarthritis
twisting of the femur (femoral anteversion)
contracture of hip muscles
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7
Q

acquired or traumatic dislocation is rare but due to the strong and stable articulation of the hip, but what might cause this to happen?

A

trauma when the hip is flexed, adducted, and medially rotated

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8
Q

what type of hip dislocation are the most common?

A

posterior dislocation

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9
Q

when the femoral head passes through a tear in the capsular ligament and over the acetabulum, ending in the ilium. this is what type of hip dislocation?

A

posterior dislocation

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10
Q

what nerve might be damaged in a posterior hip dislocation?

A

sciatic nerve

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11
Q

when the femoral head ends up in the obturator foramen. this is what type of hip dislocation?

A

anterior dislocation

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12
Q

what nerve might be damaged in an anterior hip discloation?

A

obturator nerve

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13
Q

what type of knee bursitis is caused by friction between the skin and the patella, might also be caused from a direct blow or falling on a flexed knee

A

prepatellar (housemaid’s knee)

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14
Q

what will happen if prepatellar bursitis becomes chronic?

A

the bursae will become distended with fluid and form a swelling anterior to the knee

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15
Q

what is caused by excessive friction between the skin and the tibial tubercle? used to be called clergyman’s knee.

A 
subcutaneous infrapatellar
(now common in roofers and florr tilers who do not wear knee pads)
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16
Q

what type of knee bursitis is caused by bacteria from an abrasion or penetrating wound?

A

suprapatellar

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17
Q

where might the suprapatellar infection spread and what would it cause?

A

spread to knee joint cavity, causing local redness,swelling and pain along with enlarged lymph nodes.

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18
Q

what is very common when the foot is fixed on the ground and a force is applied against the knee?

A

ligament sprains

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19
Q

what is the term that refers to a blow to the lateral aspect of the joint while in weight bearing?

A

unhappy triad

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20
Q

the unhappy triad can cause damage to what three things?

A

medial collateral ligament
anterior cruciate
medial meniscus

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21
Q

what is the most commonly injured ligament of the knee joint cavity?

A

medial collateral

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22
Q

what can cause an injury to the medial collateral to occur?

A

lateral blow to the knee joint
or
rotational forces during trauma

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23
Q

what will patients complain of when they have damaged their medial meniscus?

A

clicking knee
locking up
pain going up stairs or rising from chair

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24
Q

small tears of the medial meniscus can sometimes repair themselves with?

A

4 to 6 weeks of physical therapy

25
Q

when would the medial meniscus need to be repaired surgically?

A

large tears

26
Q

if large parts of the medial meniscus are removed where would forces now be transmitted?

A

to the condyles of the tibia and can lead to the articular cartilage, leading to osteoarthritis

27
Q

at the time of injury patients will often complain of hearing a pop and there is sensation that their knee has given out. this is a sign that what is damaged?

A

anterior cruciate

28
Q

within a few hours of injurying the anterior cruciate what will happen?

A

the joint cavity will fill with blood and swell

29
Q

what type of injury will produce a condition where the tibia can be pulled excessively forward under the femur?

A

anterior cruciate injury

positive anterior drawer test

30
Q

with what type of injury the tibia can be pulled or moved excessively backward under the femur?

A

posterior cruciate

positive posterior drawer test

31
Q

knee replacements might be _______ or ________.

A

total or partial

32
Q

what is the main criteria for a knee replacement?

A

-pain of osteroarthritis cannot be controlled
or
-the individual is functionally disabled

33
Q

a complete knee replacement will consist of a metal and plastic component that are cemented where?

A

both ends of the joint

34
Q

what is the life span of a knee prosthetic?

A

15-20 years

35
Q

what is the disruption of the epiphyseal plate of the tibia tuberosity that occurs around puberty in active adolescents?

A

osgood-schlatter’s disease

usually bilateral

36
Q

osgood-schlatters is an example of what?

A

apophyseal injury
or
traction apophysitis

37
Q

what is an apophyses?

A

a secondary ossification center that develops with growth.

seen in active adolescents

38
Q

avulsion fractures of the tuberosity are common with what disease?

A

osgood-schlatters

39
Q

osgood-schlatters is usually self limiting but can take how long to run its course?

A

two years

40
Q

what are the hairline fractures that appear with out evidence of soft tissue damage?

A

stress fractures

41
Q

stress fractures are often difficult to diagnose on an x-ray and may not become visible til when?

A

3 to 4 weeks after the fracture has occurred

42
Q

in the foot stress fractures are typically found where?

A
  • shaft of the tibia (runners)
  • 2nd, 3rd, 4th metatarsals (walkers)
  • navicular bone (high impact sports)
43
Q

what are the two types of stress fractures?

A
  • the bone is normal but is overloaded as a result of sudden increases in activity
  • the bone is abnormal as a result of osteoporosis, drugs or some other metabolic disorder
44
Q

what results from increase pressure within a myofascial compartment, resulting in ischemia and pain?

A

compartment syndrome

45
Q

during compartment syndrome the muscles will swell from overuse and the edema and muscle inflammation will reduce what?

A

blood flow to the muscles

46
Q

acute compartment syndrome most commonly occurs due to?

A

trauma suchs as

  • fractures
  • crush injuries
  • severe burns
47
Q

chronic compartment syndrome is often referred to as?

A

external compartment syndrome

48
Q

what compartments of the leg are most commonly affected by chronic compartment syndrome?

A

anterior
and
deep posterior

49
Q

how is chronic compartment syndrome diagnosed?

A

measuring the compartmental pressure before and after exercise

50
Q

what is the criteria measurements to diagnose chronic compartment syndrome?

A

a resting pressure of more than 12mmhg and a one minute exercise pressure higher than 20mmHg

51
Q

what is the outdated general term for pain in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

shin splints

52
Q

shin splints is now known as what?

A

medial tibial stress syndrome

53
Q

what muscle is associated with medial tibial stress syndrome (shin splints) according to the new guidelines?

A

tibialis anterior

54
Q

what are the 5 ways you could possible damage the common fibular nerve?

A
  1. plaster casts
  2. fractures at proximal end of the fibula
  3. prolonged kneeling or squatting
  4. prolonged kneeling with legs cross
  5. stretching when knee joint is injured
55
Q

what are some of the clinical problems associated with damage to the common fibular nerve?

A
  • loss of dorsal flexion of the foot causing foot drop
  • loss of eversion of the foot
  • loss of extension of the toes
  • diminished foot inversion
  • loss of sensation over the dorsum of the foot and lateral aspect of the leg
56
Q

what is the term used to indicate compression neuropathy of the nerve as it leaves the anterior compartment and becomes superficial at the anterior aspect of the ankle joint?

A

ski boot syndrome

due to tight fitting ski boots or other types of shoes

57
Q

what are the motor clinical considerations of ski boot syndrome?

A

loss of dorsal flexion of foot and extension of toes

-diminished inversion of foot

58
Q

what are the sensory clinical considerations of ski boot syndrome?

A

loss of sensation to the skin in the web space

-both digits 1 and 2

Gross Anatomy 1 (10 decks)

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