Explain the terms: allocortex isocortex mesocortex paleocortex archicortex neocortex

_histological classification:_ allocortex: 3 - 5 layers (e.g. hippocampus, paleocortex) isocortex: 5 - 6 layers, makes up 90% of cortex mesocortex: transition btw allo- and isocortex _embryological classifcation:_ oldest to newest paleocortex → archicortex → neocortex

Gross anatomy - telencephalon Flashcards by LV D

Where can we find white and gray matter in the telencephalon?

Distinguish.

gray matter:

cortex
subcortical ncll.: striatum, pallidum, claustrum, corpus amygdaloideum, etc.

white matter:

association pathways: connect structures in same hemisphere
commissural pathways: connect structures in the 2 hemispheres (e.g. corpus callosum)
projection pathways: connect telencephalon w/ brainstem/spinal cord (e.g. capsula int.)

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Explain the terms:

allocortex
isocortex
mesocortex
paleocortex
archicortex
neocortex

histological classification:

allocortex: 3 - 5 layers (e.g. hippocampus, paleocortex)
isocortex: 5 - 6 layers, makes up 90% of cortex
mesocortex: transition btw allo- and isocortex

embryological classifcation: oldest to newest

paleocortex → archicortex → neocortex

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Which structures are formed by the paleocortex?

Another term.

= oldest part of cerebral cortex, part of allocortex

rhinencephalon/olfactory brain

bulbus olfactorius (3) + tractus olfactorius (4)
tuberculum olfactorium (7)
septum verum + stria diagonalis (9)
prepiriform cortex (8)

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Which structures contribute to the archi- and periarchicortex?

= part of allocortex, parts form mesocortex

archicortex

hippocampus (gyrus dentatus + cornu ammonis)
subiculum

periarchicortex

presubiculum
area entorhinalis + transentorhinal cortex

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Which structures compose the neocortex?

youngest and largest part of cerebral cortex covering the hemispheres = also 6 layers, hence isocortex

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List ALL lobes of the telencephalon.

lobus frontalis
lobus parietalis
lobus temporalis
lobus occipitalis
lobus insularis
lobus limbicus

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Where can lobus insularis be found?

Describe its structure.

seperated from operculum frontoparietale by sulcus circularis

→ sulcus centralis insulae divides insula into

gyri insulae longi
gyri insulae breves
limen insulae

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1 - 6

1) margo sup.
2) sulcus frontalis sup.
3) sulcus frontalis inf.
4) gyrus frontalis sup.
5) gyrus frontalis med.
6) gyrus frontalis inf.

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7 - 12

Another name for #11.

7) gyrus frontalis inf. - pars orbitalis
8) gyrus frontalis inf. - pars triangularis
9) gyrus frontalis inf. - pars opercularis
10) polus frontalis
11) sulcus centralis (ROLANDO)
12) sulcus precentralis

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13 - 18

13) gyrus precentralis
14) sulcus postcentralis
15) gyrus postcentralis
16) lobulus parietalis sup.
17) lobulus parietalis inf.
18) sulcus intraparietalis

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19 - 24

Another name for #19.

19) sulcus lateralis (SYLVIUS)
20) gyrus supramarginalis
21) gyrus temporalis sup.
22) gyrus temporalis med.
23) gyrus temporalis inf.
24) sulcus temporalis sup.

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25 - 28

25) sulcus temporalis inf.
26) gyrus angularis
27) polus occipitalis
28) polus temporalis

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1 - 7

Another name for #3.

1) corpus callosum
2) gyrus cinguli
3) sulcus centralis (ROLANDO)
4) lobulus paracentralis
5) sulcus parietooccipitalis
6) sulcus calcarinus
7) precuneus

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8 - 13

8) cuneus
9) visual cortex
10) gyrus parahippocampalis
11) uncus
12) fornix
13) tela choroidea

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14 - 19

14) comissura ant.
15) septum pellucidum
16) isthmus gyri cinguli
17) gyrus dentatus
18) thalamus
19) adhesio interthalamica

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20 - 25

20) sulcus cinguli
21) area subcallosa
22) gyrus paraterminalis
23) gyrus lingualis
24) sulcus occipitotemporalis
25) gyrus occipitotemporalis med.

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Which structures are connected by lobulus paracentralis?

gyrus pre- and postcentralis

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Which structures can be found on gyrus temporalis sup.?

Heschl’s convolutions = gyri temporales transversi (purple)
can be seen after reflection of operculum parietale

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List all commissures in the brain.

corpus callosum: cf. own card
commissura ant.: cf. own card
commissura post.: cf. own card
commissura fornicis: connects crura of fornix
commissura habenularis: connects habenulae

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Which structures does commissura ant. connect?

Distinguish.

connects temporal lobes, splits up into 2 parts:

thin pars ant.: runs to substantia perforata ant. + unites w/ tr. olfactorius
thick pars post.: ends in gyrus parahippocampalis, corpus amygdaloideum

_{often seperates pallidum in frontal sequetions into ventral and dorsal part}

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Which structures does commissura post. connect?

Another name.

also: commissura epithalamica

→ connects ncl. pretectales, fibers from lamina tecti and tegmentum mesencephali

What is the function of corpus callosum?

Describe its structure.

largest commissure → relays information btw the 2 hemispheres (exc: primary auditory/visual cortex)

rostrum: most rostral
genu: “knee” of corpus callosum
truncus
splenium: most caudal part

How do you call the fibers of corpus callosum connecting the frontal, occipital and temporal lobes?

fibers btw frontal lobes = forceps min./frontale

fibers btw temporal lobes = tapetum (→ wall of cornu occipitale of lat. ventricle)

fibers btw occipital lobes = forceps maj./occipitale

Which structure covers the roof of the corpus callosum?

Which structures does it connect?

Which structures does it form?

indusium griseum
→ connects gyrus fasciolaris of hippocampus w/ area subcallosa

forms striae longitudinales med./lat. on top

_{remnant of embryological hippocampus}

#1 - 7

1) fissura longitudinalis cerebri 2) gyri orbitales 3) gyrus rectus 4) bulbus olfactorius 5) tractus olfactorius 6) sulcus olfactorius 7) substantia perforata ant.

#8 - 13

8) gyrus temporalis inf. 9) gyrus parahippocampalis 10) uncus 11) chiasma opticum 12) corpora mammilaria 13) mesencephalon

#1 - 7

1) cortex of telecenphalon 2) corpus callosum 3) ncl. caudatus 4) putamen 5) pallidum 6) thalamus 7) claustrum

#8 - 14

8) capsula interna 9) lat. ventricle 10) III. ventricle 11) fissura longitudinalis cerebri 12) sulcus lateralis 13) fossa lateralis 14) cortex of insula

List the most important cortical fields of Brodmann according to their lobe, location/name, field no., and function.

52 cortical areas listed according to their function

Which structures contribute to the basal ganglia?

* **striatum** = ncl. caudatus + putamen connected via striatae, ncl. accumbens (red) * **pallidum** = globus pallidus med./lat. (purple) _functionally also:_ * **ncl. subthalamicus** * **substantia nigra** _{ncl. caudatus (1) corpus, (2) caput, (3) cauda, (4) putamen
(5) pallidum} _{NOTE: in sections both, caput and cauda can be visible}

Which structures contribute to ncl. lentiformis?

**globus pallidus** (med./lat.) + **putamen** in specimen ncl. pallidus paler than thalamus

How do you call the structure where ncl. caudatus + putamen communicate?

communicate rostrobasally **ncl. accumbens** (part of limbic system) = **part of striatum**

#1 - 5 Another name for #4.

1) lat. ventricle 2) ncl. caudatus, corpus 3) thalamus 4) capsula int., crus anterius/pars supralentiformis 5) capsula int, genu

#6 - 10 Another name for #6.

6) capsula int., crus posterius/pars infralentiformis 7) globus pallidus (med./lat.) 8) putamen 9) capsula externa 10) claustrum

#11 - 14

11) capsula extrema 12) lamina medularis int./ext. 13) operculum 14) insula

Which structures compose the hippocampal formation?

all parts of temporal lobe * **hippocampus** (gyrus dentatus + cornu ammonis) * **subiculum** * **area entorhinalis**

#1 - 5 Which structure can be found ventral to #2?

1) ncl. caudatus, cauda 2) stria terminalis w/ taenia terminalis 3) cornu temp. of lat. ventricle 4) ependyme + lamina epithelialis choroidea 5) leptomeninx

#6 - 10 Another name for #7.

6) plexus choroideus 7) fimbria hippocampi/fornicis 8) cornu ammonis 9) alveus 10) gyrus dentatus

#11 - 15

11) subiculum 12) area entorhinalis 13) gyrus parahippocampalis 14) a. cerebri post. 15) cisterna ambiens _{due to simplification drawing not 100% accurate, presubiculum (PSub), peri- (PRC)/transentorhinal cortex (TEC), sulcus rhinalis (SR) missing}

#1 - 5

1) polus temporalis 2) digitationes hippocampi 3) uncus gyri hippocampi 4) gyrus dentatus 5) gyrus parahippocampalis

#6 - 10 Another name for #7.

6) sulcus hippocampi 7) fimbria hippocampi/fornicis 8) bulbus cornu post. 9) sulcus calcarinus 10) calcar avis

#11 - 15

11) cornu occip. of lat. ventricle 12) trigonum collaterale 13) tapetum 14) pes hippocampi 15) cornu temporale of lat. ventricle

How do you call the involution in the wall of cornu occipitalis of the lat. ventricle? Which structure produces it?

sulcus calcarinus → **calcar avis**

If we observe the uncus in detail, more structures can be seen. Which ones?

caudal **gyrus intralimbicus** seperated from rostral **gyrus uncinatus** by **limbus GIACOMINI** (end of gyrus dentatus, extends on to uncus)

Describe the structure of the fornix. Which structures are connected by it?

connects hippocampus + corpus mammilare * alveus hippocampi → **fimbria hippocampi:** origin * **crus** → commissura * **commissura:** exchange of fibers * **corpus** * **columna:** - pars tecta: covering hypothalamus - pars libera: rostr. border of for. interventr.

Where can we find gyrus fasciolaris?

**smooth extension of gyrus dentatus** to indusium griseum on corpus callosum

Which sulci enclose gyrus dentatus?

**sulcus hippocampi** laterally, **sulcus fimbriodentatus** medially

Which structures constitute to lobus limbicus?

* **gyrus cinguli** (1) * **hippocampal formation** (2) * **fornix** (3) * **indusium griseum** (4) * **corpus amygdaloideum** (5) * **corpus mammilare** (6) * **gyrus parahippocampalis** (7) * **area septalis** (8) _authors also often include:_ * large parts of rhinencephalon * anterior ncll. of thalamus

Where can area septalis be found? Another name. What is the difference to septum pellucidum?

= **septum verum** ventrally to commissura ant. → base of brain _BUT:_ **contains ncll.**, septum pellucidum doesn't

Where can corpus amygdaloideum be found?

**rostral to hippocampus** in frontal end of temporal lobe

What is Flechsig's cut?

**oblique cut btw corpus callosum and sulcus lateralis**, name after Paul Emil Flechsig, one of the fathers of neuroanatomy ⇒ basal ganglia, capsula int. and thalamus are well visible