Gross anatomy - telencephalon Flashcards
Where can we find white and gray matter in the telencephalon?
Distinguish.
gray matter:
- cortex
- subcortical ncll.: striatum, pallidum, claustrum, corpus amygdaloideum, etc.
white matter:
- association pathways: connect structures in same hemisphere
- commissural pathways: connect structures in the 2 hemispheres (e.g. corpus callosum)
- projection pathways: connect telencephalon w/ brainstem/spinal cord (e.g. capsula int.)
Explain the terms:
- allocortex
- isocortex
- mesocortex
- paleocortex
- archicortex
- neocortex
histological classification:
- allocortex: 3 - 5 layers (e.g. hippocampus, paleocortex)
- isocortex: 5 - 6 layers, makes up 90% of cortex
- mesocortex: transition btw allo- and isocortex
embryological classifcation: oldest to newest
- paleocortex → archicortex → neocortex
Which structures are formed by the paleocortex?
Another term.
= oldest part of cerebral cortex, part of allocortex
rhinencephalon/olfactory brain
- bulbus olfactorius (3) + tractus olfactorius (4)
- tuberculum olfactorium (7)
- septum verum + stria diagonalis (9)
- prepiriform cortex (8)
Which structures contribute to the archi- and periarchicortex?
= part of allocortex, parts form mesocortex
archicortex
- hippocampus (gyrus dentatus + cornu ammonis)
- subiculum
periarchicortex
- presubiculum
- area entorhinalis + transentorhinal cortex
Which structures compose the neocortex?
youngest and largest part of cerebral cortex covering the hemispheres = also 6 layers, hence isocortex
List ALL lobes of the telencephalon.
- lobus frontalis
- lobus parietalis
- lobus temporalis
- lobus occipitalis
- lobus insularis
- lobus limbicus
Where can lobus insularis be found?
Describe its structure.
seperated from operculum frontoparietale by sulcus circularis
→ sulcus centralis insulae divides insula into
- gyri insulae longi
- gyri insulae breves
- limen insulae
1 - 6
1) margo sup.
2) sulcus frontalis sup.
3) sulcus frontalis inf.
4) gyrus frontalis sup.
5) gyrus frontalis med.
6) gyrus frontalis inf.
7 - 12
Another name for #11.
7) gyrus frontalis inf. - pars orbitalis
8) gyrus frontalis inf. - pars triangularis
9) gyrus frontalis inf. - pars opercularis
10) polus frontalis
11) sulcus centralis (ROLANDO)
12) sulcus precentralis
13 - 18
13) gyrus precentralis
14) sulcus postcentralis
15) gyrus postcentralis
16) lobulus parietalis sup.
17) lobulus parietalis inf.
18) sulcus intraparietalis
19 - 24
Another name for #19.
19) sulcus lateralis (SYLVIUS)
20) gyrus supramarginalis
21) gyrus temporalis sup.
22) gyrus temporalis med.
23) gyrus temporalis inf.
24) sulcus temporalis sup.
25 - 28
25) sulcus temporalis inf.
26) gyrus angularis
27) polus occipitalis
28) polus temporalis
1 - 7
Another name for #3.
1) corpus callosum
2) gyrus cinguli
3) sulcus centralis (ROLANDO)
4) lobulus paracentralis
5) sulcus parietooccipitalis
6) sulcus calcarinus
7) precuneus
8 - 13
8) cuneus
9) visual cortex
10) gyrus parahippocampalis
11) uncus
12) fornix
13) tela choroidea
14 - 19
14) comissura ant.
15) septum pellucidum
16) isthmus gyri cinguli
17) gyrus dentatus
18) thalamus
19) adhesio interthalamica
20 - 25
20) sulcus cinguli
21) area subcallosa
22) gyrus paraterminalis
23) gyrus lingualis
24) sulcus occipitotemporalis
25) gyrus occipitotemporalis med.
Which structures are connected by lobulus paracentralis?
gyrus pre- and postcentralis
Which structures can be found on gyrus temporalis sup.?
Heschl’s convolutions = gyri temporales transversi (purple)
can be seen after reflection of operculum parietale
List all commissures in the brain.
- corpus callosum: cf. own card
- commissura ant.: cf. own card
- commissura post.: cf. own card
- commissura fornicis: connects crura of fornix
- commissura habenularis: connects habenulae
Which structures does commissura ant. connect?
Distinguish.
connects temporal lobes, splits up into 2 parts:
- thin pars ant.: runs to substantia perforata ant. + unites w/ tr. olfactorius
- thick pars post.: ends in gyrus parahippocampalis, corpus amygdaloideum
often seperates pallidum in frontal sequetions into ventral and dorsal part
Which structure covers the roof of the corpus callosum?
Which structures does it connect?
Which structures does it form?
indusium griseum
→ connects gyrus fasciolaris of hippocampus w/ area subcallosa
forms striae longitudinales med./lat. on top
remnant of embryological hippocampus
1 - 7
1) fissura longitudinalis cerebri
2) gyri orbitales
3) gyrus rectus
4) bulbus olfactorius
5) tractus olfactorius
6) sulcus olfactorius
7) substantia perforata ant.
8 - 13
8) gyrus temporalis inf.
9) gyrus parahippocampalis
10) uncus
11) chiasma opticum
12) corpora mammilaria
13) mesencephalon
1 - 7
1) cortex of telecenphalon
2) corpus callosum
3) ncl. caudatus
4) putamen
5) pallidum
6) thalamus
7) claustrum
8 - 14
8) capsula interna
9) lat. ventricle
10) III. ventricle
11) fissura longitudinalis cerebri
12) sulcus lateralis
13) fossa lateralis
14) cortex of insula
List the most important cortical fields of Brodmann according to their lobe, location/name, field no., and function.
52 cortical areas listed according to their function
Which structures contribute to the basal ganglia?
- striatum = ncl. caudatus + putamen connected via striatae, ncl. accumbens (red)
- pallidum = globus pallidus med./lat. (purple)
functionally also:
- ncl. subthalamicus
- substantia nigra
ncl. caudatus (1) corpus, (2) caput, (3) cauda, (4) putamen<br></br>(5) pallidum
NOTE: in sections both, caput and cauda can be visible
1 - 5
Another name for #4.
1) lat. ventricle
2) ncl. caudatus, corpus
3) thalamus
4) capsula int., crus anterius/pars supralentiformis
5) capsula int, genu
6 - 10
Another name for #6.
6) capsula int., crus posterius/pars infralentiformis
7) globus pallidus (med./lat.)
8) putamen
9) capsula externa
10) claustrum
11 - 14
11) capsula extrema
12) lamina medularis int./ext.
13) operculum
14) insula
1 - 5
Which structure can be found ventral to #2?
1) ncl. caudatus, cauda
2) stria terminalis w/ taenia terminalis
3) cornu temp. of lat. ventricle
4) ependyme + lamina epithelialis choroidea
5) leptomeninx
6 - 10
Another name for #7.
6) plexus choroideus
7) fimbria hippocampi/fornicis
8) cornu ammonis
9) alveus
10) gyrus dentatus
11 - 15
11) subiculum
12) area entorhinalis
13) gyrus parahippocampalis
14) a. cerebri post.
15) cisterna ambiens
due to simplification drawing not 100% accurate, presubiculum (PSub), peri- (PRC)/transentorhinal cortex (TEC), sulcus rhinalis (SR) missing
1 - 5
1) polus temporalis
2) digitationes hippocampi
3) uncus gyri hippocampi
4) gyrus dentatus
5) gyrus parahippocampalis
6 - 10
Another name for #7.
6) sulcus hippocampi
7) fimbria hippocampi/fornicis
8) bulbus cornu post.
9) sulcus calcarinus
10) calcar avis
11 - 15
11) cornu occip. of lat. ventricle
12) trigonum collaterale
13) tapetum
14) pes hippocampi
15) cornu temporale of lat. ventricle
How do you call the involution in the wall of cornu occipitalis of the lat. ventricle?
Which structure produces it?
sulcus calcarinus → calcar avis
If we observe the uncus in detail, more structures can be seen. Which ones?
caudal gyrus intralimbicus seperated from rostral gyrus uncinatus
by limbus GIACOMINI (end of gyrus dentatus, extends on to uncus)
Describe the structure of the fornix.
Which structures are connected by it?
connects hippocampus + corpus mammilare
- alveus hippocampi → fimbria hippocampi: origin
- crus → commissura
- commissura: exchange of fibers
- corpus
- columna:
- pars tecta: covering hypothalamus
- pars libera: rostr. border of for. interventr.
Which structures constitute to lobus limbicus?
- gyrus cinguli (1)
- hippocampal formation (2)
- fornix (3)
- indusium griseum (4)
- corpus amygdaloideum (5)
- corpus mammilare (6)
- gyrus parahippocampalis (7)
- area septalis (8)
authors also often include:
- large parts of rhinencephalon
- anterior ncll. of thalamus
Where can corpus amygdaloideum be found?
rostral to hippocampus in frontal end of temporal lobe
