Gross anatomy - brainstem, diencephalon, cerebellum

Question 1

Explain the terms:

• prosencephalon
• telencephalon
• diencephalon
• mesencephalon
• rhombencephalon
• metencephalon
• myelencephalon
• brainstem

Answer 1

Question 2

What are the axes of the brain?

Name and describe them.

Answer 2

1. MEYNERT axis: through brainstem
2. FOREL axis: through tel-/diencephalon

Question 3

1 - 6

Answer 3

1) telecenphalon
2) cerebellum
3) lobus frontalis
4) lobus parietalis
5) lobus temporalis
6) lobus temporalis

Question 4

7 - 12

Another name for #7 and #10.

Answer 4

7) sulcus centralis (ROLANDO)
8) gyrus precentralis
9) gyrus postcentralis
10) sulcus lateralis (SLYVIUS)
11) pons
12) medulla oblongata

Question 5

1 - 5

Answer 5

1) lobus frontalis
2) fissura longitudinalis cerebri
3) lobus temporalis
4) hemispheria cerebelli
5) vermis cerebelli

Question 6

6 - 10

Answer 6

6) medulla oblongata
7) pons
8) crus cerebri
9) corpus mammilare
10) pituitary gland

Question 7

11 - 13

Answer 7

11) chiasma opticum
12) tractus olfactorius
13) bulbus olfactorius

Question 8

1 - 5

Answer 8

1) corpus callosum
2) gyrus cinguli
3) fornix
4) lumen of III. ventricle/thalamus
5) plexus choroideus of III. ventricle

Question 9

6 - 10

Another name for #7.

Answer 9

6) chiasma opticum
7) infundibulum hypophysis (stalk of pituitary)
8) pituitary gland
9) corpus mammilare
10) pineal gland

Question 10

11 - 15

Another name for #12.

Answer 10

11) mesencephalon
12) aqueductus mesencephali (cerebri)
13) lamina tecti
14) IV. ventricle
15) pons

Question 11

16 - 18

Where is #18 attached to?

Answer 11

16) medulla oblongata
17) velum medullare superius
18) plexus choroideus of IV. ventricle (attached to velum medullare inferius)

Question 12

Which structures form the rostral and caudal border of medulla oblongata and pons?

Answer 12

• cran. bor. of pons: crura cerebri
• pons - medulla: sulcus bulbopontinus
• caud. bor. of medulla: first cervical nerves

Question 13

1 - 7

What does #6 and #7 contain?

Answer 13

1) medulla oblongata
2) pons
3) mesencephalon
4) diencephalon
5) sulcus medianus post.
6) fasciculus gracilis (w/ ncl. gracilis)
7) fasciculus cuneatus (w/ ncl. cuneatus)

NOTE: #6 and #7 are FASCICULI, together they form FUNICULUS post.

Question 14

8 - 14

Answer 14

8) funiculus lateralis
9) tuberculum gracile
10) tuberculum cuneatum
11) velum medullare inf.
12) recessus lateralis of IV. ventricle
13) pedunculus cerebellaris inf.
14) pedunculus cereballaris med.

Question 15

15 - 21

Answer 15

15) fossa rhomboidea
16) colliculus facialis
17) velum medullare sup.
18) lingula cerebelli
19) pedunculus cerebellaris sup.
20) lamina tecti + colliculus sup.
21) lamina tecti + colliculus inf.

Question 16

22 - 28

Answer 16

22) brachium colliculi superioris
23) brachium colliculi inferioris
24) crus cerebri
25) area pretectalis
26) thalamus
27) corpus geniculatum med.
28) corpus geniculatum lat.

Question 17

29 - 31

Answer 17

29) pineal gland
30) fornix
31) lat. ventricle

Question 18

Which centers do the colliculi sup. and inf. contain?

Answer 18

• sup.: visual reflex centers
• inf.: converging centers of auditory pathway

Question 19

What is the function of area pretectalis?

Answer 19

controls pupillary light reflex

Question 20

Which structures form colliculus facialis?

Answer 20

n. facialis bending around ncl. n. abducentis

Question 21

What are the borders of trigonum lemnisci lateralis?

Answer 21

• rost.: brachium colliculi inf.
• caud.: n. trochlearis
• ventr.: sulcus mesencephali lat.

Question 22

What are the contents of trigonum lemnisci lateralis?

Answer 22

• dors.: lemniscus lat. (auditory pathway)
• ventr.: lemniscus med. (pyramidal system), lemniscus spinalis (protopathic sens.)

Question 23

1 - 5

Answer 23

1) eminentia medialis
2) fovea superior
3) locus caeruleus
4) area vestibularis
5) striae medullares

Question 24

6 - 10

Answer 24

6) colliculus facialis
7) sulcus limitans
8) fovea inferior
9) taenia cinerea
10) vellum medullare inf.

Question 25

#11 - 15

Answer 25

11) tuberculum trigeminale 12) tuberculum cuneatum 13) tuberculum gracile 14) obex 15) trigonum n. hypoglossi

Question 26

#16 - 19

Answer 26

16) trigonum n. vagi 17) area postrema 18) sulcus medianus post. 19) funiculus seperans

Question 27

What is the function of locus caeruleus?

Answer 27

**production of norepinephrine**

Question 28

The pons can be subdivided into... ?

Answer 28

**tegmentum** (dorsally) + **basis** (ventrally)

Question 29

#1 - 5 Another name for #2.

Answer 29

1) n. II 2) infundibulum hypophysis (stalk of hypophysis) 3) tuber cinereum 4) corpus mammilare 5) tractus opticus

Question 30

#6 - 10

Answer 30

6) fossa interpeduncularis 7) crus cerebri 8) pons 9) sulcus basilaris 10) n. V

Question 31

#11 - 15

Answer 31

11) n. VI 12) n. VIII 13) n. intermedius 14) n. VII 15) oliva

Question 32

#16 - 20

Answer 32

16) foramen cecum 17) fissura mediana ant. 18) decussatio pyramidis 19) pyramis 20) n. XII

Question 33

#21 - 25

Answer 33

21) n. IX 22) n. X 23) n. XI 24) funiculus lateralis 25) sulcus bulbopontinus

Question 34

Which structure "sits" on tuber cinereum?

Answer 34

forms floor of hypothalamus

Question 35

What does sulcus basilaris contain?

Answer 35

**a. basilaris**

Question 36

Why is the decussatio pyramidis important? Which further structures also do have a similar role?

Answer 36

**nerve pathways of pyramis cross** * **fibriae arcuatae externae ant.**: connect ncll. arcuate olivae w/ cerebellum

Question 37

Which is the only cranial nerve that does NOT originate cranially?

Answer 37

n. IV - **n. trochlearis**

Question 38

#1 - 5

Answer 38

1) tectum mesencephali 2) tegmentum mesencephali 3) crus cerebri 4) substantia nigra 5) ncl. ruber

Question 39

#6 - 10

Answer 39

6) fossa interpeduncularis 7) substantia grisea periaqueductualis 8) aqueductus mesencephali 9) brachium colliculi inf. 10) colliculus sup.

Question 40

How do you call the 2 layers of substantia nigra?

Answer 40

* layer close to tegmentum = **pars compacta** * layer close to crura *(more superficial)* = **pars reticularis**

Question 41

Which structures form the pedunucli cerebri?

Answer 41

crura cerebri + tegmentum mesencephali

Question 42

What are the connections of the cerebellum to the brainstem? Other names.

Answer 42

* **pedunculus cerebellaris sup.** (= brachium conjunctivum) → mesencephalon * **pedunculus cerellaris med.** (= brachium pontis) → pons * **pedunculus cerebellaris inf.** (= corpus restiforme) → medulla oblongata

Question 43

What are the borders of trigonum pontocerebellare?

Answer 43

* *med.:* **pons** * *lat.:* **flocculus** * *inf.:* **pedunculus cerebri inf.**

Question 44

What is a general difference btw the 2 medullary vela of the cerebellum?

Answer 44

**velum medullare inf. = paired**, sup. isn't

Question 45

How do you call the gyri-like areas of the cerebellum?

Answer 45

**folia**

Question 46

How do you call the gap btw the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum? What protudes into the dorsal continuation of this structure?

Answer 46

**vallecula cerebelli** → continues posteriorly as incisura cerebelli post. where **falx cerebelli** (dural duplication) can be found

Question 47

The cerebellum is divided into 3 segments according to its function/afferents. There is also a similar embryological segmentation, consider them as synonymes.

Answer 47

* **spinocerebellum** (= paleocerebellum) * **ponto-/cerebrocerebellum** (= neocerbellum) * **vestibulocerebellum** (= archicerebellum)

Question 48

Which structures belong to the spinocerebellum?

Answer 48

(= paleocerebellum) lobus ant., lobulus simplex, lobulus gracilis, pyramis vermis

Question 49

Which structures belong to the vestibulocerebellum?

Answer 49

= archicerebellum lobus flocculonodularis

Question 50

Which structures belong to the pontocerebellum?

Answer 50

= neocerbellum lobus post.

Question 51

The cerebellum is segmented due to efferent nerve fibers also segmented into 3 parts. Names + structures. Which cerebellar ncl. belong to which zone?

Answer 51

* **medial zone:** vermis - _ncl. fastigii_ * **intermediate zone:** next to vermis - _ncl. interpositus_ * **lateral zone:** hemispheres - _ncl. dentatus_

Question 52

Besides the _cortex_ also the ncll. cerbelli consist of **gray matter**. List them.

Answer 52

* **ncl. fastigii** * **ncl. emboliformis** * **ncl. globosus** (1-2 on each side) * **ncl. dentatus** ​ncl. emboliformis + ncl. globosus = _ncl. interpositus_

Question 53

#1 - 6 MISTAKE: #1 ends at #4.

Answer 53

1) lobus ant. 2) lobus. post. 3) lobus flocculonodularis 4) fissura prima 5) fissura horizontalis 6) vermis

Question 54

#7 - 12 #11 actually has 2 sections: a superior and an inferior one.

Answer 54

7) lingula cerbelli 8) lobulus centralis 9) culmen 10) declive 11) folium vermis + tuber vermis inferiorly 12) pyramis vermis

Question 55

#13 - 18

Answer 55

13) uvula vermis 14) nodulus 15) flocculus 16) tonsilla 17) lobulus biventer 18) lobulus gracilis

Question 56

#19 - 25 #8 and #23 are the same thing.

Answer 56

19) lobulus semilunaris inf. 20) lobulus semilunaris sup. 21) lobulus simplex 22) lobulus quadrangularis 24) spinocerebellum 25) pontocerebellum

Question 57

#26 - 31

Answer 57

26) vestibulocerebellum 27) ncl. fastigii 28) ncll. globosi 29) ncl. emboliformis 30) ncl. dentatus 31) hilum of ncl. dentatus

Question 58

#32 - 35 #28 and #29 form #32.

Answer 58

32) ncl. interpositus 33) medial zone 34) intermediate zone 35) lateral zone

Question 59

Name the borders of the diencephalon.

Answer 59

* *caud.:* **mesencephalon** * *ventr.:* **crura cerebri** * *dors.:* **sup. end of lamina tecti**

Question 60

List the parts of the diencephalon.

Answer 60

* **thalamus** = thalamus dorsalis * **subthalamus** = thalamus ventralis * **hypothalamus** * **metathalamus** * **epithalamus**

Question 61

#1 - 5

Answer 61

1) III. ventricle 2) recessus supraopticus 3) recessus infundibularis 4) chiasma opticum 5) infundibulum

Question 62

#6/7 - 11

Answer 62

6/7) pituitary gland 8) tuber cinereum 9) corpus mammilare 10) commissura ant. 11) lamina terminalis

Question 63

#12 - 16

Answer 63

12) thalamus 13) adhesio interthalamica 14) plexus choroideus of III. ventricle 15) fornix 16) septum pellucidum

Question 64

#17 - 22 Another name for #22.

Answer 64

17) corpus callosum 18) commisura post. 19) pineal gland 20) habenulae 21) aqueductus mesencephali 22) lamina tecti (= tectum mesencephali)

Question 65

Which morphologically prominent structures belong to the hypothalamus?

Answer 65

* **corpora mammilaria** * **tuber cinereum** * **infundibulum** w/ **post. pituitary** * **eminentia mediana**

Question 66

Which structure forms the border btw thalamus and hypothalamus?

Answer 66

**sulcus hypothalamicus**

Question 67

Which structures form the metathalamus?

Answer 67

**corpus geniculatum med. + lat.** below pulvinar thalami

Question 68

Which structures form the subthalamus?

Answer 68

* **ncl. subthalamicus** * **pallidum** = ncl. pallidus med./lat.

Question 69

Which structures form the epithalamus?

Answer 69

* **pineal gland** * **habenulae** + ncll. habenulares * **commisura post.** (=epithalamica) * **organum subcommissurale**

Question 70

#1 - 6

Answer 70

1) corpus callosum 2) ncl. caudatus 3) thalamus 4) hypothalamus 5) III. ventricle 6) lat. ventricle

Question 71

#7 - 11

Answer 71

7) v. interna cerebri 8) fornix 9) v. thalamostriata sup. 10) stria medullaris thalami 11) pia mater

Question 72

#12 - 16 #14 refers to all red structures.

Answer 72

12) choroid lamina epithelialis 13) tela choroidea 14) plexus choroideus 15) taenia thalami 16) taenia fornicis

Question 73

Which structures are connected by stria terminalis running dorsally (Forel!) to thalamus and ncl. caudatus? Anything else important to mention?

Answer 73

_important afferent/efferent connection of **amygdala** to_ * *→ hypothalamus** inside: v. thalamostriata sup. **stria medullaris thalami** branches off → **habenulae**