Gross anatomy - brainstem, diencephalon, cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the terms:

  • prosencephalon
  • telencephalon
  • diencephalon
  • mesencephalon
  • rhombencephalon
  • metencephalon
  • myelencephalon
  • brainstem
A
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2
Q

What are the axes of the brain?

Name and describe them.

A
  1. MEYNERT axis: through brainstem
  2. FOREL axis: through tel-/diencephalon
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3
Q

1 - 6

A

1) telecenphalon
2) cerebellum
3) lobus frontalis
4) lobus parietalis
5) lobus temporalis
6) lobus temporalis

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4
Q

7 - 12

Another name for #7 and #10.

A

7) sulcus centralis (ROLANDO)
8) gyrus precentralis
9) gyrus postcentralis
10) sulcus lateralis (SLYVIUS)
11) pons
12) medulla oblongata

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5
Q

1 - 5

A

1) lobus frontalis
2) fissura longitudinalis cerebri
3) lobus temporalis
4) hemispheria cerebelli
5) vermis cerebelli

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6
Q

6 - 10

A

6) medulla oblongata
7) pons
8) crus cerebri
9) corpus mammilare
10) pituitary gland

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7
Q

11 - 13

A

11) chiasma opticum
12) tractus olfactorius
13) bulbus olfactorius

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8
Q

1 - 5

A

1) corpus callosum
2) gyrus cinguli
3) fornix
4) lumen of III. ventricle/thalamus
5) plexus choroideus of III. ventricle

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9
Q

6 - 10

Another name for #7.

A

6) chiasma opticum
7) infundibulum hypophysis (stalk of pituitary)
8) pituitary gland
9) corpus mammilare
10) pineal gland

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10
Q

11 - 15

Another name for #12.

A

11) mesencephalon
12) aqueductus mesencephali (cerebri)
13) lamina tecti
14) IV. ventricle
15) pons

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11
Q

16 - 18

Where is #18 attached to?

A

16) medulla oblongata
17) velum medullare superius
18) plexus choroideus of IV. ventricle (attached to velum medullare inferius)

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12
Q

Which structures form the rostral and caudal border of medulla oblongata and pons?

A
  • cran. bor. of pons: crura cerebri
  • pons - medulla: sulcus bulbopontinus
  • caud. bor. of medulla: first cervical nerves
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13
Q

1 - 7

What does #6 and #7 contain?

A

1) medulla oblongata
2) pons
3) mesencephalon
4) diencephalon
5) sulcus medianus post.
6) fasciculus gracilis (w/ ncl. gracilis)
7) fasciculus cuneatus (w/ ncl. cuneatus)

NOTE: #6 and #7 are FASCICULI, together they form FUNICULUS post.

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14
Q

8 - 14

A

8) funiculus lateralis
9) tuberculum gracile
10) tuberculum cuneatum
11) velum medullare inf.
12) recessus lateralis of IV. ventricle
13) pedunculus cerebellaris inf.
14) pedunculus cereballaris med.

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15
Q

15 - 21

A

15) fossa rhomboidea
16) colliculus facialis
17) velum medullare sup.
18) lingula cerebelli
19) pedunculus cerebellaris sup.
20) lamina tecti + colliculus sup.
21) lamina tecti + colliculus inf.

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16
Q

22 - 28

A

22) brachium colliculi superioris
23) brachium colliculi inferioris
24) crus cerebri
25) area pretectalis
26) thalamus
27) corpus geniculatum med.
28) corpus geniculatum lat.

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17
Q

29 - 31

A

29) pineal gland
30) fornix
31) lat. ventricle

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18
Q

Which centers do the colliculi sup. and inf. contain?

A
  • sup.: visual reflex centers
  • inf.: converging centers of auditory pathway
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19
Q

What is the function of area pretectalis?

A

controls pupillary light reflex

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20
Q

Which structures form colliculus facialis?

A

n. facialis bending around ncl. n. abducentis

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21
Q

What are the borders of trigonum lemnisci lateralis?

A
  • rost.: brachium colliculi inf.
  • caud.: n. trochlearis
  • ventr.: sulcus mesencephali lat.
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22
Q

What are the contents of trigonum lemnisci lateralis?

A
  • dors.: lemniscus lat. (auditory pathway)
  • ventr.: lemniscus med. (pyramidal system), lemniscus spinalis (protopathic sens.)
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23
Q

1 - 5

A

1) eminentia medialis
2) fovea superior
3) locus caeruleus
4) area vestibularis
5) striae medullares

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24
Q

6 - 10

A

6) colliculus facialis
7) sulcus limitans
8) fovea inferior
9) taenia cinerea
10) vellum medullare inf.

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25
Q

11 - 15

A

11) tuberculum trigeminale
12) tuberculum cuneatum
13) tuberculum gracile
14) obex
15) trigonum n. hypoglossi

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26
Q

16 - 19

A

16) trigonum n. vagi
17) area postrema
18) sulcus medianus post.
19) funiculus seperans

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27
Q

What is the function of locus caeruleus?

A

production of norepinephrine

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28
Q

The pons can be subdivided into… ?

A

tegmentum (dorsally) + basis (ventrally)

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29
Q

1 - 5

Another name for #2.

A

1) n. II
2) infundibulum hypophysis (stalk of hypophysis)
3) tuber cinereum
4) corpus mammilare
5) tractus opticus

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30
Q

6 - 10

A

6) fossa interpeduncularis
7) crus cerebri
8) pons
9) sulcus basilaris
10) n. V

31
Q

11 - 15

A

11) n. VI
12) n. VIII
13) n. intermedius
14) n. VII
15) oliva

32
Q

16 - 20

A

16) foramen cecum
17) fissura mediana ant.
18) decussatio pyramidis
19) pyramis
20) n. XII

33
Q

21 - 25

A

21) n. IX
22) n. X
23) n. XI
24) funiculus lateralis
25) sulcus bulbopontinus

34
Q

Which structure “sits” on tuber cinereum?

A

forms floor of hypothalamus

35
Q

What does sulcus basilaris contain?

A

a. basilaris

36
Q

Why is the decussatio pyramidis important?

Which further structures also do have a similar role?

A

nerve pathways of pyramis cross

  • fibriae arcuatae externae ant.: connect ncll. arcuate olivae w/ cerebellum
37
Q

Which is the only cranial nerve that does NOT originate cranially?

A

n. IV - n. trochlearis

38
Q

1 - 5

A

1) tectum mesencephali
2) tegmentum mesencephali
3) crus cerebri
4) substantia nigra
5) ncl. ruber

39
Q

6 - 10

A

6) fossa interpeduncularis
7) substantia grisea periaqueductualis
8) aqueductus mesencephali
9) brachium colliculi inf.
10) colliculus sup.

40
Q

How do you call the 2 layers of substantia nigra?

A
  • layer close to tegmentum = pars compacta
  • layer close to crura (more superficial) = pars reticularis
41
Q

Which structures form the pedunucli cerebri?

A

crura cerebri + tegmentum mesencephali

42
Q

What are the connections of the cerebellum to the brainstem?

Other names.

A
  • pedunculus cerebellaris sup. (= brachium conjunctivum) → mesencephalon
  • pedunculus cerellaris med. (= brachium pontis) → pons
  • pedunculus cerebellaris inf. (= corpus restiforme) → medulla oblongata
43
Q

What are the borders of trigonum pontocerebellare?

A
  • med.: pons
  • lat.: flocculus
  • inf.: pedunculus cerebri inf.
44
Q

What is a general difference btw the 2 medullary vela of the cerebellum?

A

velum medullare inf. = paired, sup. isn’t

45
Q

How do you call the gyri-like areas of the cerebellum?

A

folia

46
Q

How do you call the gap btw the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum?

What protudes into the dorsal continuation of this structure?

A

vallecula cerebelli

→ continues posteriorly as incisura cerebelli post. where falx cerebelli (dural duplication) can be found

47
Q

The cerebellum is divided into 3 segments according to its function/afferents.

There is also a similar embryological segmentation, consider them as synonymes.

A
  • spinocerebellum (= paleocerebellum)
  • ponto-/cerebrocerebellum (= neocerbellum)
  • vestibulocerebellum (= archicerebellum)
48
Q

Which structures belong to the spinocerebellum?

A

(= paleocerebellum)

lobus ant., lobulus simplex, lobulus gracilis, pyramis vermis

49
Q

Which structures belong to the vestibulocerebellum?

A

= archicerebellum

lobus flocculonodularis

50
Q

Which structures belong to the pontocerebellum?

A

= neocerbellum

lobus post.

51
Q

The cerebellum is segmented due to efferent nerve fibers also segmented into 3 parts.

Names + structures.

Which cerebellar ncl. belong to which zone?

A
  • medial zone: vermis - ncl. fastigii
  • intermediate zone: next to vermis - ncl. interpositus
  • lateral zone: hemispheres - ncl. dentatus
52
Q

Besides the cortex also the ncll. cerbelli consist of gray matter.

List them.

A
  • ncl. fastigii
  • ncl. emboliformis
  • ncl. globosus (1-2 on each side)
  • ncl. dentatus

​ncl. emboliformis + ncl. globosus = ncl. interpositus

53
Q

1 - 6

MISTAKE: #1 ends at #4.

A

1) lobus ant.
2) lobus. post.
3) lobus flocculonodularis
4) fissura prima
5) fissura horizontalis
6) vermis

54
Q

7 - 12

A

7) lingula cerbelli
8) lobulus centralis
9) culmen
10) declive
11) folium vermis + tuber vermis inferiorly
12) pyramis vermis

55
Q

13 - 18

A

13) uvula vermis
14) nodulus
15) flocculus
16) tonsilla
17) lobulus biventer
18) lobulus gracilis

56
Q

19 - 25

A

19) lobulus semilunaris inf.
20) lobulus semilunaris sup.
21) lobulus simplex
22) lobulus quadrangularis
24) spinocerebellum
25) pontocerebellum

57
Q

26 - 31

A

26) vestibulocerebellum
27) ncl. fastigii
28) ncll. globosi
29) ncl. emboliformis
30) ncl. dentatus
31) hilum of ncl. dentatus

58
Q

32 - 35

A

32) ncl. interpositus
33) medial zone
34) intermediate zone
35) lateral zone

59
Q

Name the borders of the diencephalon.

A
  • caud.: mesencephalon
  • ventr.: crura cerebri
  • dors.: sup. end of lamina tecti
60
Q

List the parts of the diencephalon.

A
  • thalamus = thalamus dorsalis
  • subthalamus = thalamus ventralis
  • hypothalamus
  • metathalamus
  • epithalamus
61
Q

1 - 5

A

1) III. ventricle
2) recessus supraopticus
3) recessus infundibularis
4) chiasma opticum
5) infundibulum

62
Q

6/7 - 11

A

6/7) pituitary gland

8) tuber cinereum
9) corpus mammilare
10) commissura ant.
11) lamina terminalis

63
Q

12 - 16

A

12) thalamus
13) adhesio interthalamica
14) plexus choroideus of III. ventricle
15) fornix
16) septum pellucidum

64
Q

17 - 22

Another name for #22.

A

17) corpus callosum
18) commisura post.
19) pineal gland
20) habenulae
21) aqueductus mesencephali
22) lamina tecti (= tectum mesencephali)

65
Q

Which morphologically prominent structures belong to the hypothalamus?

A
  • corpora mammilaria
  • tuber cinereum
  • infundibulum w/ post. pituitary
  • eminentia mediana
66
Q

Which structure forms the border btw thalamus and hypothalamus?

A

sulcus hypothalamicus

67
Q

Which structures form the metathalamus?

A

corpus geniculatum med. + lat.
below pulvinar thalami

68
Q

Which structures form the subthalamus?

A
  • ncl. subthalamicus
  • pallidum = ncl. pallidus med./lat.
69
Q

Which structures form the epithalamus?

A
  • pineal gland
  • habenulae + ncll. habenulares
  • commisura post. (=epithalamica)
  • organum subcommissurale
70
Q

1 - 6

A

1) corpus callosum
2) ncl. caudatus
3) thalamus
4) hypothalamus
5) III. ventricle
6) lat. ventricle

71
Q

7 - 11

A

7) v. interna cerebri
8) fornix
9) v. thalamostriata sup.
10) stria medullaris thalami
11) pia mater

72
Q

12 - 16

A

12) choroid lamina epithelialis
13) tela choroidea
14) plexus choroideus
15) taenia thalami
16) taenia fornicis

73
Q

Which structures are connected by stria terminalis running dorsally (Forel!) to thalamus and ncl. caudatus?

Anything else important to mention?

A

important afferent/efferent connection of amygdala to

  • *→ hypothalamus**
    inside: v. thalamostriata sup.

stria medullaris thalami branches off → habenulae