Green - Salivary Secretion, Swallowin, And The Esophagus

Question 1

Failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax, resulting in difficulty in swallowing

Answer 1

Achalasia

Question 2

Saclike dilation in the salivary gland where the initial saliva is formed

Answer 2

Acinus

Question 3

Difficulty in swallowing

Answer 3

Dysphagia

Question 4

Part of the salivary gland that connects the striated duct to the acinus

Answer 4

Intercalated duct

Question 5

Change in the type of cell in a tissue from normal to abnormal

Answer 5

Metaplasia

Question 6

First contraction in esophagus after food enters, initiated by swallowing

Answer 6

Primary perstaltic contraction

Question 7

Subsequent contraction of esophagus ; initiated by presence of food

Answer 7

Secondary peristaltic contraction

Question 8

Part of the salivary gland that opens into the mouth, this is where the ionic composition of the saliva is modified with sodium reabsorption and secretion of K and HCO3

Answer 8

Striated duct

Question 9

Dry moth due to lack of saliva

Answer 9

Xerostomia

Question 10

Functions of salivary secretion

Answer 10

Digestion

Lubrication

Protection

(Sense of taste also depends on adequate saliva)

Question 11

Saliva starts the digestions of ?

Answer 11

Starches and fats

Question 12

Located in the acinus and intercalated cells ________ contract when saliva production is stimulated and eject saliva into the mouth

Answer 12

Myoepithelial cells

Question 13

Saliva production is ______ by parasympathetic stimulation and _______ by sympathetic stimulation

Answer 13

Increased

Question 14

Production of saliva is decreased by ?

Answer 14

Sleep, fatigue, fear, dehydration, anticholinergic drugs

Question 15

What does parasympathetic stimulation do in regards to saliva production ?

Answer 15

Increases saliva production by :

Increasing transport process of acinar and ductal cells

Vasodilation of blood vessels

Question 16

What does sympathetic stimulation do in regards to saliva production?

Answer 16

Increases saliva production by; ‘

Transiently increase production of saliva and growth of salivary glands

Cause contraction of myoepithelial cells

Constriction of blood vessels

Question 17

Saliva is an ultrafiltrate of plasma and is _____tonic to plasma

Answer 17

Hypotonic

Question 18

Proteins found in saliva

Answer 18

Alpha-amylase

Lingual lipase

Mucin

Epidermal and nerve growth factors

Question 19

What are the contents of saliva

Answer 19

Water

Ions

Protein

Bacteriocidal substances

Electrolytes

Organic compounds

Question 20

Striated ducts reabsorb what ions?

Answer 20

Na

Cl

Question 21

Striated ducts secrete what ions?

Answer 21

K+

HCO3-

Question 22

High flow rates affect the ion concentration in saliva because there is less time for ion movement. Therefore, at higher flow rates, saliva is more ______

Answer 22

Isotonic

Question 23

Bicarb concentration in saliva ______ w/ increasing flow because its secretion is _________ when salivation stimulated

Answer 23

Increases

Stimulated

Question 24

Increased saliva flow rates causes a _____ in Na concentration

Answer 24

Increase

Question 25

Increased saliva flow causes a ______ in Cl concentration

Answer 25

Increase

Question 26

Increased saliva flow rate causes a ______ in K concentration?

Answer 26

Initial decrease then plateau

Question 27

Increased saliva flow rate causes Bicarb concentration to _______

Answer 27

Increase then plateau

Question 28

Xerostomia is associated with ?

Answer 28

Dental caries and chronic infections of the buccal mucosa;

Speech taste swallowing dysfunction

Antidepressants (which have anticholinergic effect)

Diseases such as Sjogren’s syndrom

Radiation damage during therapy for head and neck tumors

Question 29

Deglutition

Answer 29

Swallowing

Question 30

Lesions in the swallowing center of the medulla result in loss of ______ phase of swallowing and may result in aspiration

Answer 30

Pharyngeal

Question 31

Formed by cricopharyngeal muscle; separates esophagus from oral cavity and prevents entry of air.

Answer 31

Upper esophageal sphincter

Question 32

Not a distinct muscle but does have increased pressure compared to rest of esophagus.

Separates esophagus from stomach and prevents the entry of gastric acid into the esophagus

Answer 32

Lower esophageal sphincter

Question 33

Primary peristaltic contraction is initiated by

Answer 33

Swallowing

Question 34

Secondary peristaltic contractions are initiated by ?

Answer 34

The presence of food in the esophagus

Triggered by mechanoreceptors stretch

Mediated by enteric nervous system and vagovagal reflexes

Question 35

Neuromuscular disorder of the lower 2/3 of esophagus, leading to absence of peristalsis and failure of LES to relax

Food accumulates in esophagus taking hours to enter stomach and causing esophageal dilation

S/s; dysphagia, regurgitation of ingested food, and weight loss

Treated w/ drugs, endoscopic procedures, or surgery to relax LES

Answer 35

Achalasia

Question 36

Eructation

Answer 36

Belching