Greece and Eastern Europe Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two PDO appellations of Rhodes?
A
Rhodes PDO & Muscat of Rhodes PDO
2
Q
What red grape originated on the island of Lemnos but is no longer important on the island?
A
Lemnio
3
Q
T or F: Lemnos PDO wines must be dry.
A
False: Lemnos PDO wines can be dry or medium sweet.
4
Q
Lemnos PDO wines are dominated by what grape?
A
Muscat
5
Q
What style of wine are Muscat of Lemnos wines?
A
Vin doux naturel
6
Q
What is the naturally sweet version of Muscat of Samos called? How is it made and what are the aging requirements?
A
Samnos Nectar; made similarly to vin de paille – dried grapes; aged for a min. of 3 years prior to release.
7
Q
What style can Muscat of Samos be made in?
A
Vin de liqueur, vin doux naturel, or naturally sweet
8
Q
In the Muscat of Samos PDO, Muscat Blanc a Petits Grains is known as what?
A
Moscato Aspro
9
Q
What is the PDO of Samos?
A
Muscat of Samos
10
Q
Samos is an island in what sea?
A
Aegean Sea
11
Q
What is the only Greek appellation to mandate the use of a white grape in red blends?
A
Paros PDO
12
Q
What are the major white and red grapes of the Paros PDO?
A
Mandilaria – red
Monemvassia – white
13
Q
What style of sweet wine is produced in the Santorini PDO?
A
“Vinsanto” = dried grape wine from Assyrtiko & Aidani
14
Q
What is the soil type of Santorini?
A
Poor, volcanic soils
15
Q
What is unique about the vine training on Santorini and why?
A
Santorini is affected by strong Aegean winds so vines are trained in a stefani (crown) shape low to the ground that allows the grapes to be sheltered in the middle of the vine crown.
16
Q
What is the major grape and supporting grapes of the Santorini PDO?
A
Assyrtiko, sometimes blended with Athiri and Aidani.
17
Q
What are the two Cyclades islands?
A
Santorini and Paros.
18
Q
What are the major white and red grapes of the Peza PDO?
A
white – 100% Vilana
red– blend of Mandilaria and Kotsifali
19
Q
What are the major white and red grapes of the Sitia PDO?
A
white – Vilana
red – Liatiko
20
Q
What style of wine is produced in the Dafnes PDO? What grape is used?
A
100% Liatiko, reds only, dry or sweet.
21
Q
What is the most common red grape throughout the Aegean?
A
Mandilaria.
22
Q
What style of wine is made in the Archanes PDO?
A
Red only. Mandilaria blended with Kotsifali.
23
Q
What are the four PDO zones of Crete?
A
Archanes, Dafnes, Sitia & Peza
24
Q
What Greek island accounts for 20% of all Greek wine production?
A
Crete
25
What is the largest and southernmost Greek isle?
Crete
26
The Aegean islands can be found where in relation to the mainland of Greece?
Southeast.
27
Verdea is similar to what famous wine styles?
Vin Jaune & Sherry
28
Where are Verdea Traditional Appellation wines produced?
Kerkyra (Corfu) -- Ionian Islands
29
In the PDO of Cephalonia, what grapes are dry wines made from? What grapes are sweet wines made from?
dry -- Robolo
| sweet -- Mavrodaphne & Muscat
30
What are the 4 wine producing islands in the Ionian Sea? What is the only PDO?
Cephalonia, Kerkyra (Corfu), Lefkada, Zakynthos. Cephanolia is the only PDO.
31
What is Retsina?
An aromatized white wine flavored with Aleppo pine resin.
32
What are the varietal and aging requirements for Monemvassia-Malvasia PDO?
Must be aged in an oxidative environment for at least 2 years and must at least be 51% Monemvassia.
33
Achaia Clauss is a famous estate for the production of what wine?
Mavrodaphne of Patras.
34
What are the aging requirements for Mavrodaphne of Patras?
At least 1 year in wood before release.
35
Marri Korinthiaki is a currant grape used for enriching the sugar content of what wine?
Mavrodaphne of Patras
36
What grape translates to 'black laurel'?
Mavrodaphne
37
T or F: Muscat of Patras and Muscat of Rio Patras PDOs must be made in a vin doux naturel style.
False, they can be made naturally sweet too.
38
What are the 4 sweet PDO regions of the Peloponnese?
Muscat of Patras, Muscat of Rio Patras, Mavrodaphne of Patras, Monemvassia-Malvasia.
39
Patras PDO are dry white wines produced from 100% of what grape?
Roditis
40
What grape is the principal component of Mantinia PDO wines?
Moschofilero
41
True or False: wines of Nemea can only be dry?
False, they can be dry or sweet.
42
What PDO is the phrase "blood of the lion"/"blood of Hercules" associated with?
Nemea
43
Koutsi is a sub-zone of what PDO?
Nemea
44
What is the grape of Nemea?
Agiorgitiko (St. George)
45
What are the 3 dry PDO regions of the Peloponnese?
Nemea, Mantinia, and Patras.
46
What region is directly south of Sterea Ellada?
Peloponnese
47
Where is the most Retsina produced?
Central Greece (Sterea Ellada), specifically Attika, the region surrounding Athens.
48
What is the only PDO zone of Epirus, and what kind of wine does it make and from what grape?
Zitsa PDO; dry, semi-sweet, and sparkling wine made from the Debina grape.
49
What region lies to the west of Thessalia on the Ionian Coast?
Epirus
50
Anchialos PDO allows for only ____ wine blended from what two grapes?
White; Roditis & Sauvatiano
51
Messenikola is a PDO in ______ that produces only _______ wine.
Thessalia; red.
52
What PDO sits at the base of Mt. Olympus?
Rapsani
53
The Rapsani PDO is primarily planted to what grape? What grapes is it mandatory to blend with it?
Xinomavro; Krasato & Starroto
54
What are the 3 PDO districts of Thessalia?
Rapsani, Messenikola, Anchialos
55
Who is the winemaker at Domaine Carras, and what grape has he resurrected from the brink of extinction under his own label in the PGI district Thessaloniki in Northern Greece?
Evangelos Gerovassiliou; Malagousia
56
What are the white and red varietals used by Domaine Carras in the Slopes of Meliton PDO?
red -- Cab, Cab Franc, Limnio
| white -- Assyrtiko, Athiri, and Roditis
57
What PDO is a single estate appellation for Domaine Carras? What region is it in?
Slopes of Meliton PDO; Macedonia.
58
What is Greece's coolest appellation?
Amynteo, within Macedonia
59
What are the required grapes of the Goumenissa PDO? What region is it in?
Xinomavro w/ at least 20% Negoska; Macedonia
60
What Greek grape translates to "acid black"?
Xinomavro
61
Which 2 PDOs in Macedonia produce wines solely from the Xinomavro grape?
Naoussa & Amynteo
62
Name the 4 PDO appellations of Macedonia.
Slopes of Meliton, Amynteo, Naoussa, Goumenissa
63
What is another name for Central Greece?
Sterea Ellada
64
What two regions on the Greek mainland have no PDO appellations?
Thrace & Central Greece (Sterea Ellada)
65
The Greek islands are broadly split into what two groups?
Aegean islands & Ionian islands
66
Name the 6 regions that the Greek mainland is split into?
```
Macedonia
Epirus
Peloponnese
Thessalia (Thessaly)
Thrace
Central Greece (Strea Ellada)
```
67
What does "Palaiomenos se vareli" mean on a bottle of Greek wine mark "Cara" "Reserve" or "Grand Reserve"?
Oak aging exceeds minimum requirements
68
What does "Cava" indicate on a bottle of PGI wine?
white and pink -- 1 year aging with at least 6 months in oak
| red -- 3 year aging with at least 1 year in oak
69
PGI wines integrate Greece's former "vin de pays" category, which was previously called what?
Topikos Inos
70
What is Verdea?
A PGI "Traditional Appellation" for oxidative white wine produced on the island of Zakyntnos in the Ionian Sea.
71
Is Retsina a PDO wine?
No, it's PGI
72
What is the difference between the "varietal" and "table" categories of PGI wines?
"Varietal" can carry a vintage and variety on the label. "Table" cannot.
73
"Grand Reserve" on a PDO Greek wine means what aging requirements for red/white wine?
whites -- min. 2 years (at least 1 year in barrel, 6 months in bottle)
reds -- min. 4 years (at least 18 months in barrel, 18 months in bottle)
74
"Reserve" on a Greek PDO wine means what aging requirements for red & white wine?
whites -- min. 1 year (at least 6 months in barrel, 3 months in bottle)
reds -- min. 2 years (at least 1 year in barrel, 6 months in bottle)
75
AOC/OPE is a PDO status reserved for _______.
Traditional sweet wines
76
What are the 2 levels of PDO wines in Greece?
AOC/OPE -- Controlled Appellation of Origin
| AOSQ/OPAP -- Appellation of Superior Quality
77
T or F: Retsina can be vintage dated.
False, it cannot.
78
What are the principal red and white grapes of the Rhodes PDO?
Mandilaria -- red
| Athiri -- white
79
What is Controliran?
A superior controlled appellation of origin within a DGO (Declared Geographic Origin) in Bulgaria.
80
Name three growing regions in Slovenia?
Primorska (Goriska Brda is within), Podravje, Posavje
81
T or F: The Great Plain, in the south of Hungary, is known for wine of everyday quality that is consumed locally?
True
82
What is Hungary's largest wine region?
Kunság --> mass produced wine
83
What region of Hungary borders Austria's Burgenland and what grape is grown there?
Sopron; Blaufrankisch (Kékfrankos)
84
What are the most common grapes of Villany-Siklos?
Bordeaux varieties, Kékfrankos, Kékoportó (Blauer Portugieser)
85
What is Hungary's hottest region? Where is it?
Villany-Siklos, along the southern Croatian border in Transdanubia.
86
T or F: Red wine is more common in central Transdanubia rather than the extreme north or south?
False: red wine is more common in the extreme north and south of Transdanubia
87
Semló and the appellations surrounding Lake Balaton are known for what grapes?
White wine from Furmint, Juhfark, and Welschriesling
88
Which two Hungarian wine regions are on the shores of Lake Balanton?
Badacsony & Balatonfüred-Csopak
89
What is Europe's largest lake and where is it?
Lake Balaton, Transdanubia in Hungary
90
What are the major wine regions of Transdanubia in west Hungary?
Szekszárd, Badacsony, Balatonfüred-Csopak, Somló, Villany-Siklós, Sopron
91
What are the only two regions allowed to use "Bikavér" on their labels?
Eger (N. Hungary) and Szekszárd (Transdanubia)
92
What grapes compose Egri Bikavér, both historically and in modern day?
Historically - Kadarka. Modern - Kékfrankos, Cab, Cab Franc, Merlot
93
What style of wine is Eger known for?
Egri Bikavér -- "the bull's blood of Eger"
94
What are the two most important regions in Northern Hungary?
Tokaj & Eger
95
What are the three main, overarching wine regions of Hungary?
North Hungary, Transdanubia (west), Great Plain (south)
96
How many wine regions are there total in Hungary?
21
97
The Tokaj region of Hungary is at the confluence of what two rivers?
Tisza & Bodrog
98
T or F: Tokaji Szamorodni may be dry (száras) or sweet (édes)?
True
99
What is the product of refermenting wine with the pressed paste of Tokaji Aszú called?
Forditás
100
What are the aging requirements for Tokaji Aszú?
2 years in cask, 1 in bottle
101
What is the name of the barrel that holds the base wine or must that the puttony of aszú is added to for Tokaji? How much does it hold?
Gönc (plural: gönci). Approx. 136 L.
102
Define Natúressezencia.
Free run juice that settles from the Aszú must.
103
What is the approximate size of a puttony?
25 kg. (approx. 25 L)
104
What are the two principal grapes of Tokaj? What are the other authorized grapes?
Furmint, Harslevelu. Authorized: Sagra Muskotaly (Muscat Blanc a Petits Grains), Zeta (Oremus), Kabar, and Koverszolo
105
What mountain range shelters the Tokaji region?
Carpathian mountains.
106
What is the name of the prince who first delimited regions in Tokaj?
Prince Rakoczy
107
The Tokaj region is formerly known as what?
Tokaj-Hegyalja or Tokaj "Foothills"
108
What are the better soils/aspects of Tokaj?
Soils - volcanic loess/clay. Aspects - southfacing
109
```
What are the corresponding RS levels for the following Aszú levels:
3 Puttonyos
4 Puttonyos
5 Puttonyos
6 Puttonyos
Aszúesszencia (7-9 Puttonyos)
Natúresszencia
```
```
60 g/L
90 g/L
120 g/L
150 g/L
180 g/L
450 g/L (formerly 250 g/L)
```
110
What style of Tokaji is made with a mixture of aszú and non-aszú grapes is often oxidative in style, and matured for 2 years in cask, sometimes under a layer of flor?
Tokaji Szamorodni
111
What modern organization protects Rakoczy's original classification?
Tokaj Renaissance
112
What two vineyards are the "Great 1st Growths" of Tokaj?
Szarvas & Mezes Maly
113
What is Fobor?
A historic precursor to Szamorodni in Tokaj, Forbor can be botrytised and dry or sweet. It is not made in an oxidative style.
114
Name the five regions of Bulgaria.
Danubian Plain, Thracian Lowlands, Black Sea Region, Struma River Valley, Rose Valley
115
What are the most planted red and white grapes in Bulgaria?
Red: Cab & Merlot. White: Rkatsiteli & Dimiat
116
What is the product of refermenting wine with the spent lees of Tokaji Aszú called?
Máslás
117
What organization is Istran Szepsy one of the founding members of and what is their mission? What wineries is Szepsy associated with?
"Circle of Mád" - dedicated to elevating the status of dry Tokaji. Szepsy is a winemaker and key figure in Royal Tokaji Company and Királyudvar.
118
What two regions of Hungary can legally produce Bikavér?
Eger and Szekszárd
119
What changes took place in March 2014 for the production of Tokaji Aszu?
3 and 4 Puttonyos has been eliminated. Tokaji Aszu now has to be at least 130 g/L of residual sugar, changing the minimum for 5 Puttonyos from 120 g/L to 130.
120
What is nychteri?
Nychteri is a style of wine made in Santorini; min. 75% Assyrtiko with Athiri and Aidani, aged for a min. of 3 months.
121
What is the name for the former Vin de Pays category of Greek wine, and what designation has it been integrated into?
Topikos Inos; PGI
122
What PGI regions have no PDOs?
Thrace and Sterea Ellada
123
```
Where are the following producers based:
Kir-Yianni
Achaia Clauss
Gai'a --
Hatzidakis
Skouras
Ktima Gerovassiliou
Sigalas
Domaine Carras
```
```
Kir-Yianni -- Naoussa, Macedonia
Achaia Clauss -- Patras, Peloponnese
Gai'a -- Nemea and Santorini
Hatzidakis -- Santorini
Skouras -- northern Peloponnese
Ktima Gerovassiliou -- Thessaloniki PGI, Macedonia
Sigalas -- Santorini
Domaine Carras -- Slopes of Meliton, Macedonia
```
124
Place in order from north to south: Macedonia, Crete, Peloponnese, Santorini, Sterea Ellada, Thessalia.
Macedonia, Thessalia, Sterea Ellada, Peloponnese, Santorini, Crete
125
```
Name the dominant grape of the following PDOs:
Anchiolas
Naoussa
Dafnes
Lemnos
Zitsa
Nemea
Goumenissa
Mantinia
Messenikola
Patras
Amynteo
```
```
Anchiolas -- Roditis
Naoussa -- Xinomavro
Dafnes -- Liatiko
Lemnos -- Muscat of Alexandria
Zitsa -- Debina
Nemea -- Agioritiko
Goumenissa -- Xinomavro + Negoska
Mantinia -- Moschofilero
Messenikola -- Mavro Messenikola
Patras -- Roditis
Amynteo -- Xinomavro
```
126
Who makes "Megas Oenos" and "Megas Oenos Labrynthos" and what are they?
Skouras in the Peloponnese (PGI Peloponnese); 20% Cabernet Sauvignon and 80% Agiorgitiko; The Labyrynthos was a project started in 1999 by George Skouras when he filled a large barrel with Megas Oenos and would draw out 1/3 of the wine (approx. 300 bottles) every year, and top up with the current vintage. Solera style!
127
Where is the Isthmus of Corinth?
The Isthmus of Corinth connects the Peloponnese to the mainland.
128
What is the most planted grape in Crete?
Vilana
129
What three grapes have their own PDOs in Cephalonia?
Robola, Mavrodaphne, and Muscat
130
What are the three PDOs of Crete that were approved in 2012? When were the other four approved?
Candia, Malvasia Candia, and Malvasia Sitia were approved in 2012; Dafnes, Archanes, Sitia, and Peza were all established when Greek appellations were first approved in 1971.
131
What does "liastos" mean?
Liastos describes naturally sweet (as opposed to fortified) wine, usually made from sun-dried/straw mat-dried grapes.
132
What is nychteri? Where does it get its name?
Nychteri is a style of wine made in Santorini; min. 75% Assyrtiko with Athiri and Aidani, aged for a min. of 3 months. Nychteri means "night" and is called this because it was traditionally pressed at night to limit oxidation.
133
What do the Greeks call "Thira"?
Santorini
134
What is "meltemia"?
A cooling northern wind on Santorini.
135
Is irrigation common on Santorini?
Irrigation is legal, though prohibitively expensive, and not practiced by many.
136
What is the white volcanic ash of Santorini called?
Aspa
137
What is "koulara"?
The technique of "weaving" vines into a basket shape (stefani/crown) used on the island of Santorini.
138
Name two producers of Santorini Vinsanto.
Argyrous, Roussos, Gai'a, Gavalas
139
When is harvest typically in Santorini?
Mid-August (Nychteri and Vinsanto would be later)
140
What is the most popular red grape on the island of Santorini?
Mavrotragano
141
What producer is responsible for 65% of Santorini's production?
Santo Wines, a cooperative
142
Who controls all the production of Muscat of Samos?
The Union of Viticultural Cooperatives of Samos
143
Where in Tokaj are the "great first growths" located? What makes these sites particularly desirable?
Szarvas and Mezes Maly are in the southeastern extension of Tokaj, where the town of Tokaj is and where the Tisza and Bodrog meet. The confluence of the rivers provides ideal conditions for the growth of botrytis. The best vineyards have steep aspects and south facing slopes.
144
Name three "first growths" of Tokaj (not including the "great first growths")?
Disnoko, Hetszolo, and Pajzos are easy ones to remember because there are producers named after them.
145
What are the soils like in Tokaj?
Loess and clay with volcanic topsoil.
146
What are the aging requirements for Tokaji Szamorodni, Maslas, and Forditas?
2 years minimum, with at least one in barrel.
147
Who are the largest owners of Mezes Maly?
Royal Tokaji Company owns 11 hectares and Degenfeld owns 13 hectares.
148
What changes to Tokaj wine law will take place from the 2014 vintage forward?
3 and 4 Puttonyos will be abolished and 5 Puttonyos will carry a minimum of 160 g/L residual sugar (formerly 150 g/L).
149
What is the required alcohol range for Tokaj Eszencia, Aszueszencia, and Tokaj Aszu 3-6 Puttonyos?
Tokaj Eszencia -- 1.2-8%
Aszueszencia -- min. 6%
Aszu 3-6 Puttonyos -- min. 9%
150
What is the maximum residual sugar for Szamorodni, Forditas, and Maslas "szaraz"? What is the minimum residual sugar for Szamordoni, Forditas, and Maslas "edes"?
9 g/L; 45 g/L
151
What are the cepage requirements for Egri Bikaver?
Must be a blend of at least three grapes, including Kekfrankos. Other authorized grapes include Zweigelt, Cab Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Syrah, and a whole slew of native grapes.
152
Describe the 1995-2006 vintages for Tokaj.
1995 -- Long growing season, heavy botrytis character in wines, with great acidity.
1996 -- Cooler year, pronounced botrytis character, but less acidity.
1997 -- Very dry year, with low yields on aszu grapes, but very high quality.
1998 -- Wet year, with substantial botyrtis, but not accompanied by the shrivelling provided by some dry weather; less acid.
1999 -- One of the greatest vintages of the century!
2000 -- Very little botrytis, dry year.
2001 -- Difficult vintage, botrytis turning into rot. Harlesvelu, with its looser clusters, fared better than Furmit. Drink Sauternes in 2001!
2002 -- A soft, lighter vintage lacking the concentration of the best.
2003 -- A hot, dry year, but with some welcomed rains in October encouraging botrytis. Turned out some excellent, concentrated, complex wines.
2004 -- Cooler year, long growing season. When growers chose to pick was crucial. Pronounced botrytis character.
2005 -- Great vintage, rivaling 1999, but with much lower yields.
2006 -- A great follow-up to 2005, with a cool summer and long, warm fall. Very pure botrytis character.
153
What is the difference between tokaj and tokaji?
tokaj = the region; tokaji = the wine BUT the wines from the village of tokaj itself may be called tokaj
154
What is the full name of Tokaj?
Tokaj-Hegyalja (Tokaj Foothills)
155
What are the main soils of Hungary?
15. Who created the first Hungarian classification? How did it work? how many vineyards are classified?
Prince Rákóczy / 3 levels = 1st, 2nd, 3rd / 1772
74, 27 villages
Great Plain = loess and sand
Lake Balaton = complex mix of basalt volcanic rock with clay and sandstone
Balatonfured = limestone and slate
Tokaj = volcanic with top soil of decayed lava
156
What is zoldveltelini?
GV in Hungary
157
Why is it possible to produce Tokaj in Slovakia?
2 of the original villages of production where given to slovakia after WWI = name is Tokajasky Vyber
158
What are the best villages of Tokaj?
Tarcal, Mad, Mezozombor, Bodrogkerestur, Tolcsva, Tokaj
159
What are the preeminent wine-growing regions in Hungary?
Badacsony, Balatonboglar, Eger, Etyek-Buda, Somlo, Sopron, Szekszard, Tokaj, Villany-Siklos
160
In which region of Hungary would you most likely find the white grape variety of Keknyelu?
The majority of the 41 hectares of this grape are found in the region of Badascony on the northern side of lake Balaton.
161
What does Jegbor refer to in Hungarian Wine?
Ice Wine
162
What does Habzo refer to in Hungarian wine?
Sparkling
163
Name three wineries in Lebanon.
Chateau Musar, Kefraya, Massaya
164
Name three appellations in Israel.
Galille, Samaria, Samson, Judean Hills, Negev
165
Name three wineries in Israel.
Golan Heights, Galil Mountain, Dalton
166
In what country are the wines of Massandra made? What style of wine are they known for?
Ukraine, fortified wines
167
What country is home to the Milestii Mici ("Golden Collection") -- the largest wine collection in the world?
Moldova
168
What country's Tokajská appellation makes similar wines to Tokaj?
Slovakia
169
What are the two main wine regions of the Czech Republic? Which is responsible for 96% of the republic's acreage?
Bohemia and Moravia; Moravia
170
What country's appellations are VOCs?
Czech Republic
171
In what country would you find the native grapes Feteascā Negra and Feteascaā Regalā?
Romania
172
Where is the Cotnari DOC and what grape is it known for?
Romania; sweet wine made from the Grasa grape
173
Where is the Tarnave DOC?
Romania
174
Name two sub-zones of Primorska?
Goriska Brda, Kras, Koper, Vipava
175
What country is broadly divided into the Istria and Dalmatia zones?
Croatia
176
In what country does California winemaker Mike Grgich have a winery?
Croatia
177
Place from west to east: Slovenia, Hungary, Croatia
Slovenia, Croatia, Hungary
178
3. What two grapes would you find in a wine released under the Goumenissa PDO? Where is it?
Xinomavro w/ min. 20% Negoska; Macedonia
