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CNE > Greece > Flashcards

Greece Flashcards

1
Q

Who lived on Crete?

A

The Minoans

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2
Q

Who discovered the Minoans?

A

Sir Arthur Evans

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3
Q

What was life like for the Minoans?

A

Luxury, trade with foreign lands

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4
Q

What types of writing are found on Crete?

A

Linear A, Linear B, Hieroglyphic Script

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5
Q

Linear A

A

Pre-Greek writing, we cannot read it

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6
Q

Linear B

A

Mycenaean writing, we can read it. Derived from Linear A, Greek

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7
Q

Hieroglyphic Script

A

Less popular script, we cannot read it

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8
Q

When was the New Palace Pd?

A

1750-1490

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9
Q

New Palace Pd

A

Many palaces were on Crete (many kingdoms OR n main ruler with many provinces)

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10
Q

Knossos

A

Biggest palace on Crete

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11
Q

Features of Knossos

A

Multiple stories, columns that taper down, similar to Babylonian palaces, complex, magazines, grand staircase, theater, shrine, throne room, residential quarters, etc…

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12
Q

Bull leaping

A

Leaping bulls, events with bulls, leaping over bulls may have been a religious event

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13
Q

Minoan Art

A

Colorful
Bright
Abstract
Rectangular, waspish people

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14
Q

Minoan State Formation

A

Perhaps influenced by the Near East, peaceful, rich environment, complex society

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15
Q

Function of palaces

A

Redistributive centers

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16
Q

What was in palaces?

A

Magazines, Linear A tablets, seals

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17
Q

Thera (Akrotiri)

A

Volcanic Island, likely blew 1650, 150 years before the fall of the Minoans

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18
Q

When were the Mycenaeans?

A

1600-1200

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19
Q

Who discovered the Mycenaeans?

A

Heinrich Schliemann

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20
Q

Heinrich Schliemann

A

Rich man obsessed with Troy

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21
Q

When did they use Grave Circles?

A

1600-1500

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22
Q

What were grave circles?

A

Family burials

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23
Q

What were in the grave circles?

A

Warlike art, goods, weapons, gold, shields, daggers, masks

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24
Q

What were the gold masks?

A

A mask, famous one likely that of a king that was stylized and bearded, found on most men, and children were given full body coverings

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25
Q

Citadel

A

Seat of the ruler, where his family lived, defense, and seat of gold

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26
Q

Wall around Mycenae

A

20 ft thick, cyclopean masonry, ashlar masonry

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27
Q

cyclopean masonry

A

Rough- later Greeks thought cyclops made them

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28
Q

Ashlar masonry

A

neatly cut blocks

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29
Q

Megaron

A

ceremonial throne room

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30
Q

Entrance to Mycenae

A

Lion gate

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31
Q

Lion gate

A

The wall juts out, massive stones, ashlar blocks, natural rock, relieving triangle, had 6 ft lions

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32
Q

Lions on the lion gate

A

Metal heads, biggest ancient sculptures, looking at you

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33
Q

Ramp at Mycenae

A

leads up to the courtroom, was destroyed

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34
Q

Postern gate & Sally port

A

Small, hidden gates with secret tunnels leading to underground water sources

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35
Q

When was the wall arrange Mycenae built?

A

1400-1200

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36
Q

Wanax

A

Mycenaean ruler

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37
Q

Basileus

A

Means king in Greek, but only a minor bureaucrat in Mycenae

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38
Q

Tholoi tombs

A

Tombs of the ruler and his family

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39
Q

12th century destructions

A

Mycenaean centers and palaces on Crete are destroyed, Hittites fall, Egypt is attacked, some Mycenaeans leave, half of Greece goes away, becoming the Philistines, Linear B disappears

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40
Q

When is the Geometric Pd.?

A

1100-700

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41
Q

When did Homer live?

A

8th century

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42
Q

Lefkandi

A

New light on the dark ages. Geometric pd was traditionally thought to be a “dark age” but a tomb revealed great trade during this time

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43
Q

Euboeans

A

Key players in Mediterranean Trade Network

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44
Q

Geometric tomb

A

Stone foundation, 40 m long, rectangle w/ curved end, wooden columns.
Likely a public building of chieftain’s house. ended up as a tomb

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45
Q

Who was buried in the pits

A

Man cremated in an urn (heirloom)
Inhumed woman
sacrificed horses
weapons with the man, chest plate of gold with the woman

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46
Q

Art in Geometric pd

A

Usually not figural

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47
Q

Centaur sculpture

A

Scratch on the knee- likely Cheiron, mentor of Achilles

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48
Q

Greek Renaissance dates

A

8th century

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49
Q

What happened during the Greek Renaissance?

A

Homer, Intro of Greek Alphabet, figural and narrative art, mythology, creation of Polis, increased population and trade

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50
Q

When was the Archaic Pd?

A

700-480

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51
Q

What was the Archaic Pd?

A

Cultural revolution: new politics, economics, military, and philosophies

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52
Q

New politics

A

not based on aristocracy

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53
Q

new economics

A

New $ vs old $

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54
Q

New military

A

Hoplite Armies

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55
Q

Hoplite army

A

citizen soldiers, state provides armor, organized ranks

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56
Q

New Philosophies

A

Natural philosophers from Ionia

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57
Q

Artistic Revolution

A

Personal poetry, monumental art and architecture

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58
Q

Tyrannos

A

“Big man”
Autocrat who seizes power by irregular means
popular leader

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59
Q

Positive effects of Tyrants

A

Patrons of art/architecture
Laws
Huge festivals
Stabilize the Polis

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60
Q

Archons replace who in Athens?

A

Basileus (king)

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61
Q

3 Archons in Athens

A

Archon Basileus
Archon Eponymous
Polemarch

62
Q

Archon Basileus

A

Religious leader

63
Q

Archon Eponymous

A

Head of state (names of the year)

64
Q

Polemarch

A

Military leader

65
Q

Council of Areopagus

A

Athenian council with ill-defined powers

66
Q

Eupatrids

A

Aristocratic group, eligible for archonship

67
Q

Drakon

A

Athenian tyrant who wrote (not invented) laws and upheld them harshly, caused unrest in Athens

68
Q

Solon

A

Athenian tyrant who was granted full power and wrote a law code in verse. Compromised too much

69
Q

What did Solon want to stop

A

Aristocratic greed, oppression, enslavement, and civil discord

70
Q

Solon’s laws

A

Abolished slavery debt, erased debts, prohibited ag exports except olive oil, freed land from enslavement

71
Q

Horoi

A

Land marked for debt

72
Q

Pentecosiomedinni

A

500 bushel men (archon, treasurer)

73
Q

Hippeis

A

300-500 bushel men (Lesser offices, maybe archon)

74
Q

Zeugitac

A

200-300 bushel men (minor offices)

75
Q

When did Solon rule?

A

594-593

76
Q

Thetes

A

200- bushel men (assembly)

77
Q

Post Solon Athens

A

Tyranny takes over, sound economic reform

78
Q

6th century problems

A

Trouble outlawing debt-slavery and canceling debts

79
Q

Trouble outlawing debt-slavery

A

Little incentive for the rich to lend to the poor

80
Q

Trouble canceling debts

A

Upper class lost ability to force labor, had to import foreign slaves

81
Q

Slavery in Athens

A

7th century- cheaper to import slaves
6th century- necessity
Rich stay rich, poor aren’t serfs= everyone happy
4th century- 1/4 pop slaves

82
Q

Peisistratos

A

3 coups

83
Q

1st coup

A

561- Fakes an attack by his rivals, gets permission to have a bodyguard with clubs, announces his takeover, fails

84
Q

2nd coup

A

Dresses Phye as Athens, received with open arms, eventually fails

85
Q

3rd coup

A

Borrows $ from soldiers, rich, and Tyrants. Hires mercenaries. 546- takes Attica by force, rallies discontented Athenians, defeats Athenian army

86
Q

Peisistratos’ rule

A

Tight grip
Prosperity
Builds monuments, trade, population, economy, helps rivals, new taxes, reduced aristocratic power

87
Q

Hippias and Hipparchos

A

Peisistratos’ sons, paranoid of assassination, made crazy laws, assassinated because of a love triangle

88
Q

Kleisthenes

A

Takes power away from Aristocrats
Creates Demokratia
Council of 500

89
Q

Council of 500

A 
Replaces Solon's 400
50 men from 10 tribes
1 year service
Must be over 30
Can only serve once
Almost everyone served
President chosen every day
90
Q

Demokratia

A

Power of the people
(excluding women, children, foreigners, slaves)
still radical
Required to participate in government

91
Q

What kind of Greeks are Spartans?

A

Dorian

92
Q

Region around Sparta

A

Lakonia

93
Q

Helots

A

Inhabitants reduced to a subservient state
Property of the state
Work the land
1/2 produce to the master

94
Q

What were Spartan citizens?

A

militaristic

95
Q

Krypteia

A

Secret service that randomly attacks and kills Helots

Also waged an annual war on the Helots

96
Q

Perioikoi

A

“those living around”

Those living around Sparta who made stuff for them

97
Q

Messenian wars

A

Sparts conquered Messenians
Sparta enslaves them
Sparta becomes wealthy

98
Q

When were the Messenian wars?

A

740-620

99
Q

Crisis in Sparta

A

Any strife could lead to a Helot rebellion, aristocratic turmoil

100
Q

Homoioi

A

Every Spartan is allotted a parcel of land at birth, a basic minimum, and given equal vote int he assembly

101
Q

Spartan Constitution

A

Develops a monarchial system with democracy and oligarchy

102
Q

Spartan Kingship

A

Dual and hereditary

103
Q

Spartan Gerousia

A

Council of elders

104
Q

Spartan Assembly

A

All citizens over 30

105
Q

Spartan ephorate

A

Annually elected body of 5

106
Q

Agoge

A

Institutional training of Spartan boys

107
Q

When was Agoge?

A

7

108
Q

What did Agoge consist of?

A

Dance, training, poetry, harsh conditions, music, weakened family ties, ties to the state

109
Q

Spartan mirage

A

Almost all sources are non-Spartan or later, much of the image was likely exaggerated

110
Q

Ionian revolt

A

Ionian aristocrats prosper under Persian rule
Some Greek cities tried to get rid of pro-Persian tyrants
revolted
Fails

111
Q

Ionia

A

Greek coast

112
Q

When was the Ionian revolt?

A

499

113
Q

Persians wanted to punish who for the Ionian revolt?

A

Athens

114
Q

Greek historians

A

Herodotus and Thucydides

115
Q

Marathon date

A

490

116
Q

Marathon

A

Persians attack Greeks, Greeks defeat them as they come off their ships, surprise victory

117
Q

Mittiades

A

Athenian general at Marathon

118
Q

Darius and Artaphernes

A

Persian generals at Marathon

119
Q

Xerxes

A

Succeeded Darius

120
Q

When was the 2nd Persian war (AKA the Great War)?

A

480-479

121
Q

Thermopolaye

A

Small mountain pass, 300 Spartans and others met Persian army, held them off until Athenians could assemble (would have won but a traitor showed the Persians a way around the pass)

122
Q

Themistocles

A

Archon of Athens, strengthened the Navy and harbors

123
Q

Xerxes army

A

said to be 5 million, requiring 4,000 tons of grain each day, likely 500,000 or less, still largest army in the ancient world

124
Q

Leonidas

A

One of 2 Spartan kings

125
Q

Battles of Plateia and Mycale

A

Final victories (Naval and land)

126
Q

Impact of Persian wars

A

Helps to Unify Greece
Starts Classical Period
Golden Age of Greece

127
Q

When was the Classical Pd?

A

480-330

128
Q

Delian League

A

Greek Alliance

129
Q

How many in Delian League

A

150

130
Q

Terms of Delian League

A

Annual contribution
Autonomy of each Polis
Athens at the head of the League

131
Q

Treasury of Delian League

A 
On Delos (sacred island)
1/60 to Athens
132
Q

Goals of Delian League

A

Contain Persia
Gather booty
revenge

133
Q

School of Hellas

A

Cultural center, tourists, university, festivals, Tragedies and comedies

134
Q

Battle of Eurgmedon

A

Persians beaten badly in Asia Minor, neutralized, Athens becomes a more brutal leader

135
Q

When was the Battle of Eurgmedon?

A

467

136
Q

Athenian Democracy in the Classical Pd

A

Full-fledged democracy, poor who were in the navy finally had some say

137
Q

When were the Peloponnesian Wars?

A

431-404

138
Q

Thucydides

A

Wrote history of Peloponnesian Wars

139
Q

Scorched Earth Policy

A

Bur land so enemies can’t use it

140
Q

Perikles’ strategy

A

Attack Sparta with Navy

141
Q

Plague

A

killed 1/4 -1/3 of Athens, unknown disease

142
Q

When was the plague

A

Summer of 430

143
Q

Perikles’ death

A

429- from Plague
Demagogues take control
Unstableness in Athens

144
Q

Spartan victory

A

Makes Athens become their ally, but everyone is weakened

Greece is vulnerable

145
Q

End of Greece

A

Sparta alone is stable amongst internal strife, economy is awful

146
Q

New type of war

A 
Fought year round
Navy
Helots and slaves fighting
No more Polis
New faiths
147
Q

Hellenistic Pd dates

A

330-30

148
Q

4th century power vacuum

A

Leads to rise of Macedonia

149
Q

Phillip II

A

Unites Macedonia, take over Greece, assassinated

150
Q

Alexander

A

Phillip’s son, 23, defeats Persians, Egypt welcomes him, dies, leaving no heir

151
Q

War of the Successor

A

General fight over the empire, divided into kingdoms, Rome takes over

CNE (19 decks)

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