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ALEVEL English Lang AQA > ⭐• Grammatical Terminology > Flashcards

⭐• Grammatical Terminology Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is it imperative that grammar & its rules stay the same?

A

Because grammar has static rules that allow for the correct and understandable production of language - without it langauge would struggle to be understandable by others that dont use that specific idolect themselves - grammar is the common ground throughout language

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2
Q

What is affixation?

A

The process of adding affixes to words to create a new word or different form of a word (e.g. tenses)

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3
Q

What is an affix?

A

A small group of letters that are added either to the begining or the end of a word to affixate it into a different tense /new word e.g. un-, -ing etc…

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of affixes?

A
  • prefix
  • suffix
  • infix
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5
Q

Why is affixation important?

A

Affixation is used in grammar to make words singular or plural, change verb tenses or change the word class of a word (e.g. verb -> adjective)

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6
Q

Where are prefixes affixed to?

A

They are added to the beginning of a word

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7
Q

Where are suffixes affixed to?

A

They are added to the end of a word

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8
Q

Where are infixes affixed to?

A

They are added in the middle of the root word, splitting it apart

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9
Q

What is an example of a infixation?

A

absolutely -> abso-bloody-lutely

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10
Q

Is infixation common in the english language?

A

No, they are usually only used on neologisms/ colloquialisms

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11
Q

Label the 3 affixations on this word

A
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12
Q

What is a noun?

A

A word (other than a pronoun) used to identifty any class of people, places or things

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13
Q

What is an adjective?

A

A word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun, adding detail or making a description clearer

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14
Q

What is a determiner?

A

A word used to clarify what something is refering to to specify quantity/ identify it as known or unknown

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15
Q

What are the 4 types of determiners?

A
  • Artciles
  • Demonstratives
  • Possessives
  • Quantifiers
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16
Q

Give examples of an article determiner

A

the or an

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17
Q

Give examples of a posesssive determiner

A

my or your or his or her

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18
Q

Give examples of an demonstrative determiner

A

this or those

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19
Q

Give examples of an quantifying determiner

A

some or every or six,seven,eight etc…

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20
Q

What is a verb?

A

A word that expresses an action, state of being, or occurrence in a sentence e.g.
* physical action = ‘drive’
* mental action = ‘think’
* state of being = ‘exist’

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21
Q

What is a preposition?

A

A word or group of words used before a noun or pronoun to show direction, time, place, location, spatial relationships, or to introduce an object

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22
Q

What is an adverb?

A

A word or phrase that typically modifies (describes) a verb (often end in -ly) - used in conneciton with a main verb e.g. ‘the lake is quite beautiful’ the adverb ‘quite’ modifies the adjective beautiful

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23
Q

What is a pronoun?

A

A word that replaces a noun in a sentence; they are used to refer to people, things, concepts, and place e.g. It, they, he, she, we etc…

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24
Q

What are the 4 types of noun?

A
  • concrete noun
  • abstract noun
  • proper noun
  • collective noun
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25
Q

What are the 5 types of adjectives?

A
  • normal adjective
  • absolute adjective
  • comparative adjective
  • superlative
  • possessive adjective
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26
Q

What are the 4 types of prepositions?

A
  • place
  • time
  • direction
  • manner
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27
Q

What are the 6 types of verb?

A
  • dynamic verb
  • stative verb
  • auxillary verb
  • modal verb
  • regular verb
  • irregular verb
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28
Q

What are the 4 types of adverb?

A
  • manner
  • degree
  • time
  • frequency
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29
Q

What are 3 types of pronouns?

A
  • personal pronouns
  • possessive prounouns
  • demonstrative pronouns (diectic)
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30
Q

What is a concrete noun?

A

A noun that describes something that you can interact with using the 5 senses

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31
Q

What is an abstract noun?

A

A noun that describes something that is more of a concept such as emotions/ feelings/ expressions e.g. childhood, truth, beauty, sadness etc…

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32
Q

What is a proper noun?

A

A noun that describes a person, place or thing by its name e.g. Disneyland, Bob, Google etc…

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33
Q

What is an easy way to identify a proper noun?

A

If its capitalised then its probably a name of something/ someone/ somewhere, therefore its a proper noun

34
Q

What is a collective noun?

A

A noun to describe a group of something/ people e.g. a murder of crows

35
Q

What is a possessive adjective?

A

A word that modifies a noun to show ownership - possession

36
Q

What are all 8 possessive adjectives?

A
  • My
  • Your
  • His
  • Her
  • Its
  • Our
  • Their
  • Whose
37
Q

What is a comparative adjective?

A

A type of adjective that compares something to another by becoming modified to display a greater degree of quality than the other

38
Q

What is a superlative (adjective)?

A

A type of adjective used to describe an object which is at the upper or lower limit of a quality (above comparitive, the most of that thing)

39
Q

Modify the base adjective ‘old’ into its comparative and superlative form

A
  • Base: old
  • Comparative: older
  • Superlative: oldest
40
Q

Modify the base adjective ‘good’ into its comparative and superlative form

A
  • Base: good
  • Comparative: better
  • Superlative: best
41
Q

What is an absoulte adjective?

A

An adjective that describes a state that cannot be used in comparative or superlative form as it sounds too strange

42
Q

What are some examples of a absolute adjective?

A
  • dead - cant have superlative or comparative form - deader, deadest❌
  • perfect - cant have superlative or comparative form - perfecter, perfectest❌
  • unique - cant have superlative or comparative form - uniquer, uniquest❌
43
Q

How could you quantify a absoulte adjective without changing the word?

A

By adding words before and after it e.g. quantitive lexis such as ‘almost’ ‘completely’ ‘absolutely’e.g.
‘absoultely perfect’✅
‘perfectest’❌

44
Q

What is modification?

A

Adding a word before/ after another to add to its meaning/ connotations as a scentence

45
Q

What is pre-modification?

A

When the description/ modification comes before the object/ subect

46
Q

What is post-modification?

A

When the description/ modification comes after the object/ subect

47
Q

Pre-modify this scentence

A

The helpless victim
Modification came before the subject

48
Q

Post-modify this scentence

A

The victim was helpless
Modification came after the subject

49
Q

What is the syntactical effect of pre-modification?

A

Places the modification/ description/ adjective first, making that the primary focus so by the time you read the object you already have an understanding of their state

50
Q

What is the syntactical effect of post-modification?

A

Places the modification/ description/ adjective after reading the object, this keeps the initial focus on the object with modification adding to the image of object afterwards

51
Q

What are prepositions of place? (+ examples)

A

They indicate the location or position of an object e.g. in. under, over, below etc…

52
Q

What are prepositions of manner? (+ examples)

A

They describe how an action is preformed e.g. with, without, etc…

53
Q

What are prepositions of time? (+ examples)

A

They specify when an action takes place e.g. during, for, since, after etc…

54
Q

What are prepositions direction? (+ examples)

A

They indicate the movement or direction of something e.g. across, through, along etc…

55
Q

What are axuillary verbs

A

Minor verbs used along with a main verb to express tense or mood e.g. in the statement ‘it is raining’, ‘is’ functions as an auxiliary verb indicating that the action of the main verb (‘raining’) is ongoing

56
Q

What is a dynamic verb?

A

Verbs that express a wide range of actions that fall into 3 main sections that are seen to have a measureable duration + are commonly used in the present continous form -ing

57
Q

What are the 3 states that include dynamic verbs? (+ an exmaple each)

A
  • physical (to run) e.g. running
  • mental (to think) e.g. dreaming
  • perceptual (to see) e.g. visualising
58
Q

What is a stative verb?

A

A verb that purley expresses a state in which there is not obvious action and the state is unchanging + often sound strange in the present continuous form -ing e.g. please, include, dislike, desire, recognise etc…

59
Q

What is a modal verb?

A

Verbs that show a level of agreement or commitment

60
Q

What are some examples of modal verbs?

A
  • must
  • will
  • shall
  • should
  • could
  • would
  • might
  • can
  • may
61
Q

tic

What is past participle?

A

A past participle is a verb form that indicates an action that has been completed in the past (past tense refers direclty to a time this just states action was completed, no specifics)

62
Q

What are regular verbs?

A

Verbs whose past participle are formed by adding the suffix ‘-ed’ e.g. walk -> walked therefore its a regular verb

63
Q

What are irregular verbs?

A

Verbs whose past participle are formed by changing the whole word entirely e.g. swim -> swam therefore its a irregular verb

64
Q

What are 4 of the types of adverbs?

A
  • adverbs of manner
  • adverbs of time
  • adverbs of frequency
  • adverbs of place
65
Q

Give some examples of adverbs of time

A

now, then, yesterday, soon, later

66
Q

Give some examples of adverbs of place

A

here, there, everywhere, inside, outside

67
Q

Give some examples of adverbs of manner

A

quickly, slowly, happily, carefully, loudly

68
Q

Give some examples of adverbs of frequency

A

always, often, sometimes, rarely, never

69
Q

Give some examples of personal pronouns

A
70
Q

Give some examples of possessive pronouns

A
71
Q

Give some examples of demonstrative pronouns (deixis)

A
72
Q

What is syntax?

A

The arrangement of words and phrases in a sentence/ paragraph - syntax e.g. word placement can alter the interpretation of a sentence

73
Q

What is synthetic personalisation?

A

The process of addressing mass audiences as though they were individuals through inclusive language or text

74
Q

What 2 main techniques are used in synthetic personalisation?

A
  • personal prounouns
  • direct adress
75
Q

What is parallelism?

A

When a sentence structure is repeated but the words within it are different

76
Q

What is anaphora/ anaphoric reference?

A

When a similar structure/ wording is repeated at the beginning of sentences

77
Q

What is cataphora/ a cataphoric reference?

A

When a similar structure/ wording is repeated but the second half uses deixis to refer back to the subject - e.g. words that refer to and replace other words used later in a text

78
Q

What is deixis/ a deictic expression?

A

A word or expression thats meaning is dependent on the context in which it is used (such as here, you, me, that one there)

79
Q

What is Epistrophe?

A

When a similar structure/ wording is repeated at the end of sentences

80
Q

What is antithesis?

A

When something is directly opposite something else (essentially juxtaposition)

ALEVEL English Lang AQA (6 decks)

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