Grammatical analysis Flashcards
What are two levels did Noam Chomsy suggest impacted sentence structure or syntax?
phrase structure rules and transformational rules
What are phrase structure rules?
one level proposed by Chomsky that impacted syntax; it referred to how sentences are internally organized, is universal, and included constituents (i.e., NP and VP)
What is a sentence?
noun phrase and a verb phrase
What are some ways one transforms language?
changing sentence type; modifying verb tense; make subjects and verbs agree in number
What are transformational rules?
the second level proposed by Chomsky that impacted syntax. It referred to sentences being controlled by complete changes. These changes are not universal but a function of a particular language. They affect phrase structure rules in many ways.
What is an example of an uncountable noun?
art, milk, rice, tea, and money
What is an example of a countable noun (i.e., a noun you can count)?
bed, book, pen, cat, dog, and car
What is an example of a compound noun (i.e., two or more nouns stuck together)?
haircut, sunlight, football, hotdog, racecar
What is an example of a collective noun?
crowd, bunch, school, team, band, and flock
What is a noun?
Words that refer to people, places, things, or ideas
What is an example of an abstract noun?
beauty, charity, motivation, ego, and fear
What is a verb?
words that express action or a state of being
What are the three types of verbs?
Action, linking, and helping
What is an action verb?
Tells what action someone or something is performing
What is a linking verb?
connects a noun or pronoun with a word that identifies or describes it
What is a helping verb?
Added before another verb to make it a verb phrase
What is a copula?
A stative verb or a linking verb that indicates a state of being or provides a complement to a noun or adjective
What is an example of a copula used to describe a subject?
He seems tiny. Seems is the copula
An example of “state of being” verbs are
act, appear, become, get, grow, prove, remain, seem, stay, turn
What is a phrase?
a collection of words that do not form a complete sentence; act as a single part of speech in a sentence
Besides NP and VP, what are the four types of phrases?
prepositional phrase, infinitive phrase, participle phrase, gerund phrase
When analyzing a school-age child’s language abilities, we must consider
complexity, semantic representation, and fluency
What is a maze?
disfluencies that come in the form of fillers, linguistic reformulations, revisions, and repetitions
Children with language deficits typically exhibit ________ in their linguistic performance, especially with narratives.
mazes
What is a T-Unit?
One main clause plus any dependent clauses or additional non clausal structures (e.g., appositives and phrase) embedded in it. (E.g. He ate a burger = 1 t-unit; he is sad and she is happy = two T-units)
What syntactic information can you obtain from a T-unit analysis?
Number of clauses per T-unit; number of words per T-unit; subordination index (total number of clauses divided by the number of T-units)
What can the subject of a sentence be defined as?
a person, place, thing, or idea that is doing something or being something.
Why is MLU not used in grammatical analysis?
It loses its value when the child turns 4.5 years old and it does not reveal how a child orders words to produce meaning.
