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gram + rods Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bacillus Anthracis

virulence factors

A

Anthrax toxin and capsule

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2
Q

3 types of anthracis

A

pulmonary, cutaneous, GI

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3
Q

Bacillus Anthracis

transmission

A

Spores are inhaled, injected, or ingested
MC route is cutaneous but can also be GI or inhalation
Spores hide in bristles, wool
NOT transferred from human to human

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4
Q

comet tail appearance

A

Bacillus Anthracis

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5
Q

what does Bacillus Cereus cause

A

gastroenteritis/food poisoning

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6
Q

Spores in soil & food; germinate when kept warm (think rice)

A

Bacillus Cereus

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7
Q

clostridium is aerobic/anaerobic

A

anaerobic

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8
Q

Tennis racket shaped with terminal spore at end

A

c tetani

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9
Q

C. Tetani pathogenesis is _____ mediated

A

Exotoxin

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10
Q

dx C. Tetani

A

clinical

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11
Q

early clinical findings of C tetani

A

Early: recent wound, no vaccine, irritability, restlessness, HA, low grade fever

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12
Q

c tetani triad

A

Triad: lockjaw/trismus, opisthotonos, ascending spasic paralysis
Trismus- contraction of jaw muscles and closed mouth, risus sardonicus (characteristic grimace)
Opisthotonos- arching of back

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13
Q

c tetani trmt

A

Tetanus toxoid (formaldehyde treated toxin) every 10 yrs- DTaP
Dirty wound and over 5 yrs since last booster? → immunization
Not dirty wound and booster not given in 10 yrs → booster without tetanus Ig/tetanus antitoxin
Passive active immunity

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14
Q

toxoid vaccine?

A

used when bacterial toxin is main cause of illness. Treat them with formalin (formaldehyde + sterilized H2O) ex: diphtheria and tetanus

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15
Q

Only fatal food poisoning

A

c botulism

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16
Q

Canned foods, honey, cosmetic use

A

c botulism

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17
Q

c botulism transmission

A

Spores from soil contaminate veggies and meats

Spores get into canned foods that we ingest

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18
Q

c botulism paralysis

A

descending flaccid

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19
Q

c botulism fever?

A

no

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20
Q

c botulism dx

A

clinical

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21
Q

2 forms of c botulism

A

wound and infant

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22
Q

wound botulism?

A

spores contaminate the wound and make toxins at the site; associated with drug abuse and skin popping in black tar heroin

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23
Q

infant botulism?

A

organism grows in the gut and makes toxins there (half of cases are these)

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24
Q

where is C. Perfringens in on the body

A

normal flora of colon and vagina

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25
Q

C. Perfringens 2 types

A

gas gangrene and food poisoning

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26
Q

Transmission gas gangrene/myonecrosis c perfrinogens

A

Get in through a traumatic wound: war, automobile, septic abortions

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27
Q

Pathogenesis gas gangrene/myonecrosis c perfrinogens

A

Alpha toxin/lecithinase causes direct damage to cell membranes and make gas in the tissues
Other toxins cause pore forming necrosis

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28
Q

transmission food poisoning perfrinogens

A

Ingest heat resistant spores in meat and poultry
Changes intestinal membrane permeability
Fluid and ion loss from superantigen

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29
Q

Pathogenesis food poisoning perfrinogens

A

Enterotoxin acts in the SI to cause watery diarrhea

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30
Q

Trmt gas gangrene/myonecrosis

A

atb, surgery

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31
Q

trmt food poisoning

A

NO ATB, rehydration

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32
Q

Encapsulated with D glutamate

A

Bacillus Anthracis

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33
Q

bacillus anthrax is motile or nonmotile

A

nonmotile

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34
Q

edema and lethal factor are part of

A

bacillus anthrax

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35
Q

edema factor?

A

adenylate cyclase → inc in cAMP → edema

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36
Q

lethal factor?

A

activates MAPk → necrosis

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37
Q

protective Ag of balillus anthrax

A

B subunit

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38
Q

bacillus anthrax is _____ hemolytic

A

gamma

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39
Q

Bacillus Cereus is aerobic/anaerobic

A

both

40
Q

Bacillus Cereus is motile/nonmotile

A

motile

41
Q

Enterotoxins
Type 1/emetic:
bacillus cereus

A

fried rice, potato, pasta, cheese

42
Q

enterotoxins Type 2 (diarrheal): bacillus cereus

A

meat, milk, veggies, fish

43
Q

No spores in smears

A

bacillus anthrax

44
Q

Tetanolysin is part of ____ and does this

A

c tetani; lysis tissue around infection

45
Q

Tetanus toxin (tetanospasmin)is part of ____ and does this

A

c tetani; one antigenic form so we can have the toxoid vaccine

46
Q

“Skin popping” in drug addicts

A

c tetani and wound botulism

47
Q

is c tetani transmitted person to person

A

no

48
Q

____ and ____ favor spore germination in c tetani

A

Necrotic tissue and poor blood supply

49
Q

MC nosocomial (HA) cause of diarrhea

A

C. Difficile

50
Q

Leading infectious cause of GI associated deaths in US

A

C. Difficile

51
Q

c diff is aerobic or anaerobic

A

anaerobic

52
Q

stool toxin levels correlate with disease severity

A

c diff

53
Q

what toxins does c diff make

A

Make toxins A and B

54
Q

c diff sx

A

diarrhea → colitis

55
Q

Pseudomembranous colitis?

A

yellow plaque like lesions from exotoxin cause enterocytes to die

56
Q

what disease is pseudomembranous colitis in

A

c diff

57
Q

what is c diff resistnt to

A

Resistant to broad spectrum ATB

58
Q

where does c diff colonize

A

LI

59
Q

when might someone get c diffe

A

Occurs after long term ATB therapy

60
Q

human to human transmission in c diff?

A

yes

61
Q

Toxin A- enterotoxin

in c diff

A

Causes inflammation and activates neutrophils

Promotes neutrophil chemotaxis

62
Q

Toxin B- cytotoxin

in c diff

A

Need for virulence
10* more potent than toxin A
Also promotes neutrophil chemotaxis (she said this one recruits neutrophils)

63
Q

Inc risk if you have IL8 gene promoter

A

c diff

64
Q

best at protecting against C. Diff

A

Serum antitoxin antibodies

65
Q

c diff prevention

A

No vaccine
Only take ATB when necessary
Control infections by washing hands and such
Probiotics

66
Q

Club shaped V or L shaped

A

Corynebacterium Diphtheria and listeria monocytogenes

67
Q

Corynebacterium Diphtheria is motile or nonmotile

A

nonmotile

68
Q

Corynebacterium Diphtheria

transmission

A

Preventable with DTaP
Humans are only natural host
Airborne from respiratory tract

69
Q

dx Corynebacterium Diphtheria

A

Pseudomembrane over tonsils and throat

Fever, ST, cervical adenopathy

70
Q

Corynebacterium Diphtheria

complications

A

Airway obstruction
Myocarditis
Nerve weakness or paralysis

71
Q

Corynebacterium Diphtheria

toxins

A

Diphtheria toxin with A (alpha) domain and B (binding) domain

72
Q

Corynebacterium Diphtheria

host response

A

Local inflammation in the throat- pseudomembrane

Ab that neutralizes exotoxin activity

73
Q

Botox is exotoxin

A

A

74
Q

Absorbed in the gut and carried by blood to peripheral nerve synapses where it blocks the release of ACh

A

c botulism

75
Q

Polypeptide encoded by lysogenic phage

A

c botulism

76
Q

8 immunologic toxins (only 2 in tetanus)- MC are A, B, E

A

c botulism

77
Q

what doess Listeria Monocytogenes

cause

A

Cause meningitis, sepsis, and gastroenteritis

78
Q

Listeria Monocytogenes

is ____ hemolysis

A

Beta

79
Q

“Cold enhancement”

A

Listeria Monocytogenes

80
Q

Listeria Monocytogenes is motile/nonmotile

A

motile- flagella cause tumbling mvmt

81
Q

Infection during pregnancy can be a big issue

A

Listeria Monocytogenes

82
Q

Febrile gastroenteritis is caused by ______ in Listeria Monocytogenes

A

contaminated dairy products, undercooked meats, and ready to eat foods

83
Q

Listeria Monocytogenes

transmission

A

In animals, plants, soil
Fecal oral
Bacteria colonize GI and GU which can cross the placenta during pregnancy
Bacteremia can occur

84
Q

internalin, listeriolysin, and ActA protein are in _____

A

Listeria Monocytogenes

85
Q

internalin?

A

surface protein that allows adhesin and invasion

86
Q

listeriolysin?

A

listeria gets in cell and destroys phagolysosome; cell mediated suppression predisposes someone to get Listeria

87
Q

ActA protein?

A

actin rocket allow listeria to shoot around the cell

88
Q

“Gram variable”- gram + cell wall but wall is so thin

A

Gardnerella Vaginalis

89
Q

Older organisms lose purple color

A

Gardnerella Vaginalis

90
Q

MC vaginal infection of sexually active women

A

Gardnerella Vaginalis

91
Q

Gardnerella Vaginalis causes this

A

bacterial vaginosis

92
Q

Causes fishy odor and white/gray vaginal discharge

A

bacterial vaginosis

93
Q

inflammatory changes in bacterial vaginosis?

A

no

94
Q

Gardnerella Vaginalis is NOT transmitted by

A

sexual activity

95
Q

Dysbiosis

A

lactobacillus on normal vaginal flora are replaced by Gardnerella

96
Q

Gardnerella Vaginalis dx

A

Clue cells- covered with bacteria
+ Whiff test- treating discharge with 10% KOH causes fishy odor
Vaginal discharge has pH over 4.5

97
Q

Gardnerella Vaginalis trmt

A

Metronidazole
Don’t treat sexual partners
No vaccine
Have good GU hygiene, use latex condoms, limit sexual partners

microbiology (13 decks)

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