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Microbiology > Gram Positive Cocci > Flashcards

Gram Positive Cocci Flashcards

1
Q

How many colony forming units per ml indicates bacterial pneumonia in BAL specimens?

A

> 10^4 CFU/mL = 10,000

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2
Q

Staph AUREUS is susceptible to ______ (bacitracin (A) / furazolidone (FX)) and resistant to (bacitracin(A) / furazolidone (FX))

A

susceptible to furazolidone; resistant to bacitracin

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3
Q

Micrococcus is susceptible to ______ (bacitracin (A) / furazolidone (FX)) and resistant to (bacitracin(A) / furazolidone (FX))

A 
Susceptible= bacitracin
Resistant= furazolidone
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4
Q

Where does SAUR naturally colonize?

A

Nares, skin folds, perineum, axillae, vagina

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5
Q

What organism cause pyoderma, folliculitis, impetigo, furuncles, carbuncles, and post surgical wound infections?

A

SAUR

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6
Q

What are THREE toxin-mediated infections caused by SAUR?

A

Scalded scalp syndrome, toxic shock syndrome, and food poisioning

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7
Q

What organism causes scalded scalp syndrome in neos?

A

SAUR

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8
Q

What are SAUR virulence factors that interfere with phagocytosis? (4)

A

Capsules, Protein A, Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL), and coagulase

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9
Q

SAUR can cause food poisoning in how many hours after ingesting enterotoxin?

A

2-8 hours

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10
Q

Name three enzymes that SAUR possesses as virulence factors

A

Fibrinolysins, hyaluronidase, and phospholipase C

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11
Q

What type of coagulase is known as ā€œbound coagulaseā€ or ā€œclumping factorā€?

A

Slide coagulase

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12
Q

What type of coagulase (slide or tube) reacts directly with fibrinogen in plasma causing rapid cell agglutination?

A

Slide

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13
Q

What coagulase negative staph species produce clumping factor and may be positive with slide coagulase?

A

Staph lugdunensis and S. schleiferi

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14
Q

What is the next step if the slide coagulase test is negative?

A

Perform tube coagulase

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15
Q

What type of coagulase is associated with TUBE coagulase? (Bound or free)

A

Free coagulase

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16
Q

What type of coagulase (Bound/Free) reacts with substance in plasma called caogulase-reacting factor that converts fibrinogen to fibrin?

A

Free - tube coagulase

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17
Q

If a tube coagulase test is negative after 4 hours incubated at 35C, what is the next step?

A

Held at room temperature and read again after 18-24 hours

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18
Q

RARE: some SCNE isolates such as S. intermedius, S. hyicus, S. delphini, S. schleiferi may be _____ (slide/tube) coagulase positive

A

Tube

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19
Q

What organism is resistant to LysoStaphin?

A

Micrococcus

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20
Q

Staph lugdunensis and Staph schleiferi may produce clumping factor and be positive with what test?

A

Latex Agglutination test

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21
Q

What organism is associated with indwelling urinary catheters and hospital acquired UTIs

A

Staph epi

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22
Q

What organism is associated with infections of indwelling devices

A

SEPI

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23
Q

What coagulase negative staph species is associated with acute UTIs & is the second most common cause of UTIs after ECOL

A

Staph saprophyticus

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24
Q

Staph saprophyticus is _____ (sensitive/resistant) to Novobiocin (NV)

A

Resistant

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25
Q

Staph lugdunensis is positive to what two biochemical rxns?

A

PYR and ORNITHINE (+)

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26
Q

What species is a GPC that forms grey to white, mucoid colonies on BAP, and has a tendency to adhere to agar ā€“ when removed will form a string?

A

Rothia mucilaginosus

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27
Q

What is the transmission of healthcare associated MRSA (HA-MRSA)

A

Hand contact

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28
Q

MRSA infections that are acquired by individuals who have not been recently hospitalized or had an invasive medical procedure are known as what type of MRSA infections?

A

CA-MRSA

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29
Q

Coagulase negative staph species are susceptible to ______ (bacitracin (A) / furazolidone (FX)) and resistant to (bacitracin (A) / furazolidone (FX))

A

Resistant to bacitracin

Sensitive to furazolidone

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30
Q

What gene encodes for altered penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a)

A

MecA

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31
Q

MecA is carried on a mobile genetic element called what?

A

Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec ā€“ (SCCmec)

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32
Q

What MRSA is more susceptible to antibiotics? (HA or CA)

A

CA-MRSA

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33
Q

BBL CHROMAgar MRSA contains what antibiotic to screen for MRSA?

A

Cefoxitin

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34
Q

BBL CHROMAgar MRSA will turn MRSA colonies what color?

35
Q

CA-MRSA is acquired by people in what type of setting?

A

Crowds, sports, military, MSM, daycare

36
Q

Pharyngitis is caused by what organism?

A

Strep pyogenes - Group A

37
Q

Impetigo is caused by what two organisms?

A

SAUR & Strep pyogenes - Group A

38
Q

What Strep infection is caused by complications of Scarlet Fever and the erythrogenic exotoxin?

A

Scarlet Fever

39
Q

This organism is the most common cause of Erysipelas

A

Strep pyogenes - group A

40
Q

Necrotizing fasciitis can be caused by what two organisms (that are GPC)

A

SAUR and Strep pyogenes

41
Q

What is the toxin that causes STREP toxic shock syndrome?

A

SPE - Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins

42
Q

What are the two post-sequelae diseases caused by Strep pyogenes

A

Rheumatic Fever & Acute Glomerulonephritis

43
Q

What is the function of BHSA M protein?

A

Survive antiphagocytic, degrades complement

44
Q

What is the function of streptolysin S, streptolysin O, and streptokinase in BHSA?

A

Allows spread of bacteria in tissues

45
Q

Strep pyogenes is PYR ____ (-/+), Bacitracin ____ (susceptible/resistant), and SXT (susceptible/resistant)

A

PYR +, Bacitracin susceptible, SXT=R

46
Q

Strep pyogenes is never resistant to which drug?

A

Penicillin

47
Q

Strep agalactiae is Bacitracin ____ (susceptible/resistant), and SXT (susceptible/resistant)

A

Bacitracin=Res; SXT=Res

48
Q

Strep agalactiae causes what infections?

A

Neonatal meningitis, sepsis, pneumonia

49
Q

Carrot broth can be used to detect what organism

A

Group B ā€“ positive result = orange

50
Q

What is the drug of choice for BHSB

A

Penicillin/ampicillin = no resistance worldwide

51
Q

What is the drug of choice for BHSB for penicillin allergic patients?

A

Erythro/Clinda

52
Q

Streptococcus porcinus belongs to what Lancefield groups?

A

E, P, U, V

53
Q

Streptococcus porcinus cross reacts with what group antisera?

A

Group B ā€“ Can be detected in carrot broth

54
Q

Streptococcus porcinus is bacitracin S/R; SXT=S/R; CAMP pos/neg; PYR pos/neg?

A

Bacitracin=S; SXT=R; CAMP=POS; PYR=POS

55
Q

Describe Streptococcus porcinus colonies

A

Non-pigmented, VERY large zones of beta hemolysis

56
Q

What are the two biochemical identifiers for Strep agalactiae?

A

CAMP Positive; Hippurate Positive

57
Q

Describe Streptococcus pseudoporcinus colonies

A

Large beta hemolytic zone

58
Q

What other Lancefield antigens are associated with pharyngitis?

59
Q

What antibody detection tests are used to detect Strep pyogenes?

A

ASO, and anti-DNase

60
Q

Antistreptolysin O (ASO) titer is a blood test to measure antibodies against streptolysin O, a substance produced by group A streptococcus bacteria.

61
Q

What species are part of the Strep bovis group?

A

Strep bovis biotype I, Strep bovis biotype II, Strep equinus, Strep gallolyticus

62
Q

The Strep bovis group is part of which group? (A, B, C, Dā€¦.ETC)

A

Group D non-entrococcal

63
Q

What are the three biochemical identifiers for Enterococcus species

A

PYR positive, Bile esculin positive, Growth in 6% NaCl broth

64
Q

How can you differentiate between non-enterococcal group D strep vs Enterococcus

A

Group D strep is PYR negative and CANNOT grow in 6% NaCl

65
Q

What infection is non-enterocococal group D Strep associated with?

A

Noscomial UTIs

66
Q

What infections are Strep bovis associated with

A

Bacteremia, meningitis, valve endocarditis

67
Q

What group of strep is associated with dental caries?

A

Viridins strep

68
Q

What group is the cause of opportunistic sepsis in neutropenic cancer patients and endocarditis?

69
Q

Isolation of Strep bovis from blood is associated with what disease?

A

Carcinoma of colon

70
Q

Nutritionally deficient Strep do not grow on routine media but require supplemented media. What three types can be used?

A

Cysteine, glutathione, thioglycollate

71
Q

SPNE usually causes what type of pneumonia?

72
Q

What is the main virulence factor of SPNE?

73
Q

What are the two main infections of SPNE?

A

Pneumonia and menigitis

74
Q

What organism is bile soluable and optochin sensitive?

75
Q

What organism is the second most common noscomial pathogen?

A

Enterococcus

76
Q

What two phenotypes of Vancomycin resistance are acquired? Which is plasmid-mediated and which is chromosomal?

A

VanA and VanB= acquired
VanA=plasmid mediated
VanB=Chromosomal

77
Q

A positive Quelleng reaction is associated with what organism

78
Q

Intrinsic resistance of Vancomycin is found in what two species of Enterococcus?

A

E. casseliflavus and E. gallinarium

79
Q

What type of Vanc phenotypes are associated with hi-level resistance and low level resistance?

A 
Hi-level= VanA and VanB
Low-level= VanC
80
Q

Enterococcus is ____ (motile/non-motile)

A

Non-motile

81
Q

E. casseliflavus and E. gallinarium produce what color pigment?

82
Q

E. casseliflavus and E. gallinarium are ______ (motile/non-motile)

83
Q

E. faecalis is _____ (S or R) to penicillin and ampicillin, whereas E. faecium is (S or R) to these drugs.

A

Susceptible; Resistant

84
Q

What two drugs are commonly used to treat VREs?

A

Linezolid and Dapto

Microbiology (16 decks)

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