Gradual Onset Vision Loss Flashcards
what conditions cause optic atrophy
MS
glaucoma
cranial arteritis
what is normal cup to disc ratio
30%
cup/disc
what does increase cup to disc ratio indicate
> 50%
chronic glaucoma
flame shaped or splinter/linear hemorrhages indicate what
HTN
punctate or blot/dot hemorrhages indicate what
Diabetes Mellitus
hard exudates are seen in what condition
yellow or macular star
DM, HTN, VHL disease, radiation
soft exudates are seen in what condition
cotton wool spot
DM, HTN, HIV, connective tissue disease
what is the grading scale for arteriosclerosis
grade 1 - widening of arteriole light reflex
grade 2 - above plus AV crossing defects
grade 3 - above plus COPPER WIRE APPEARANCE
grade 4 - above plus SILVER WIRE APPEREANCE
what is the grading scale for hypertensive retinopathy
grade 1 - mild narrowing of vessels
grade 2 - severe narrowing of vessels and AV crossing defects
grade 3 - above plus cotton spots and flame shaped hemorrhages
grade 4 - above plus malignant plus optic disc and macular swelling
What are the characteristics of non proliferative and proliferative diabetes
background diabetes or non proliferative
- hard and cotton wool exudates
- punctate/blot dot hemorrhages
- microaneurysms
proliferative diabetes
- neovascularization
- preretinal hemorrhages
- virteous hemorrhages
what are the symptoms of cataracts
clouded and blurred vision difficult to see at night sensitivity to light and glare halos around lights changes in eyeglass or contact lens fading or yellowing of colors
what type of cataracts is described as opacities in various locations that are separated by areas of clear lens
immature cataracts
what type of cataracts is described as total opacity of the lens
mature cataracts
what type of cataracts is described as swollen lens encroaches on the anterior chamber where it could displace the iris forward so that it blocks flow to the eye
intumescent cataracts
what type of cataracts is described as wrinkling of the lens leading to liquefaction of the lens cortex which causes fluid to leak out through the lens capsule
hypermature cataracts
what are the 3 locations that cataracts could occur at
nuclear or lenticular - lens nucleus becomes dense - yellow or brown
cortical - opacities localized to lens cortex - may form radial spikes or progress to complete opacification of the cortex
posterior capsular - opacification of anterior or posterior capsule - POSTERIOR MC
what are clinical features of chronic glaucoma
cup/disc = 50% PAINLESS HALOS mid peripheral vision loss increase IOP
what are the clinical features of DRY age related macular
blurry vision distorted vision metamorphosia - straight lines appear and object may appear wrong shape or size loss of correct color difficulty reading dark empty area in the center of vision DRUSEN bodies
what are the clinical features of retinitis pigementosa
rare hereditary disorder
rods located in the periphery degenerate - night vision and peripheral vision lost
mild vision loss to blind
the pinhole testing for the eye will correct what issue
refractive errors
what is another term for marcus gunn pupil
relative afferent pupillary light response
what is the relative afferent pupillary light response
intact consensual response
paradoxical pupil dilation to direct light
swing light test used
what does marcus gunn pupil suggest
optic nerve lesion
extensive retinal disorder
what conditions have RAPD or marcus gunn pupil
optic neuritis chronic glaucoma optic nerve tumor retinal detachment severe macular degen
what conditions do NOT have RAPD or macus gunn pupil
refractive errors
horners syndrome
third cranial nerve palsy
mild macular degen
what is esotropia, exotropia, hypertropia, and hypotropia
eso - eye adducted
exo - abducted
hyper - eye superior
hypo - inferior
what is tropia
strabismus
deviation ALWAYS present
tropia is the resting position of the eyes when covered
deviation of eyes NOT corrected by fusion
COVER UNCOVER TEST
strabismus is MC when
18 months - 2 years
what is phoria
latent strabismus
deviation in eyes corrected by fusion
deviation SOMETIMES present when binocular vision is broken or tired eyes
COVER UNCOVER TEST
what is amblyopia
visual impairment in normal eye
