glycolytic/ lactic/ anaerobic lactic system

Question 1

the glycolytic system, has a shift when exercising, what is the time frame that it switches at? and what is being produced in the body?

Answer 1

• 12-15 seconds is when the switch occurs.
• lactic acid is formed from glycolytic.

Question 2

1. during AAL power (anaerobic alactic power) which energy system is being used?
2. what is the energy system called at the 10 s maker that produces anaerobic lactate capacity?
3. aerobic power occurs first, then aerobic capacity, what is the reaction that is occurring and what is it?

Answer 2

1. The ATP-CP system is being used.
2. anaerobic glycolysis.
3. the reaction that is occurring is oxidation, and it is the switch from anaerobic to aerobic, which means that oxygen is being required.

Question 3

define key terms:
1. gylcogenolysis
2. glycolysis
3. glycogenesis
4. gluconeogenesis
- in glycogenesis from a noncarbohydrate source, what is produced?

Answer 3

1. glycogen is broken down by adding water to provide glucose.
2. energy pathway responsible for initial catabolism of glucose. begins with glycogen or glucose and ends with pyruvate being formed in aerobic glycolysis, and lactate in anaerobic glycolysis.
3. production of glycogen in muscle and liver
4. creation of glucose in the liver. From a nancarbon source, primarily glycerol, pyruvate, lactate.

• primarily glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, alanine.

Question 4

in aerobic glycolysis, pyruvate is _______ to ________?

in anaerobic glycolysis, __________ is produced?

Answer 4

• coverted, actel CoA
• lactic acid

Question 5

what are 2 ways that glucose transports into a muscle cell?

Answer 5

• GLUT-1
• GLUT-4

Question 6

how does GLUT-1 get used when transferring glucose into a muscle cell?

Answer 6

• their is more glucose outside the cell than inside. therefore facilitated diffusion takes place for the glucose molecule to pass through. Their is no ATP required when the glucose travels into the muscle cell.

Question 7

how does GLUT-4 get used when transferring glucose into a muscle cell?

Answer 7

• GLUT-4 is used when there is an increase in insulin, increase in blood glucose levels or increase in exercise.
• Glut-4 has receptors that are able to take in glucose from our blood and transfer it into the muscle cell through facilitated diffusion, which also does not require ATP.

Question 8

what are the 4 stages of CHO cellular respiration?

Answer 8

stage 1: glycolysis
- glucose is converted to pyruvate.
- 2NADH + H+ become available.

stage 2: the shift from pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
- 2 more NAHD + H+ are produced.

stage 3: the kerb cycle.
- citrate occurs, which gives off a total of 6 NADH + H+, and 2 FADH2.
- the kerb cycle continues which then turns to oxaloacetate.

stage 4: Electron transport chain/ oxidative phosphorylation.
- the NADH + H+, FADH2 enter into ATP cycle of ETC. (ASK ARIELLE)

Question 9

How does the regeneration of glycolysis work with lactate fermentation?

Answer 9

Glucose is a 6 carbon molecule that goes through glycolysis where pyruvate is produced. Firmention of pyruvate to lactate occurs which allows NAD+ to form to NADH. This allows ATP to created. Pyruvate is erotic and requires oxygen which is important for the krebs and ETC cycle.

Question 10

What are 4 important enzymes that affect glycolysis/ glycogeneolysis? - what affect do these enzymes have?

Answer 10

1. Hexokinase
   - initiate glucose breakdown
   - glucose + ATP = ADP + G-6-P
2. Phosphofrutokinase
   - rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis
   - decrease ATP, +H ion, decrease pH
3. Phophorylase
   - initiates breakdown of glycolygen
4. Lactate dehydrogenase
   - increases the speed at which glycolysis occurs

Question 11

What influences the rate of glycolysis / glycogeneolysis? - how do they affect the rate?

Answer 11

1. The NAD+/NADH ratio.
   - the rate is affected that if their is a high NAD+ to NADH ratio then the speed of glycolysis will speed up because of the lactate being produced.
2. ADP/ATP ratio.
   - if their is more ADP than ATP then the speed of glycolysis speeds up. (Glycolysis slows down if their is more ATP than ADP)
3. Substrate availability.
   - low glucose/glycogen levels decrease rate of glycolysis/ glycogeneolysis.
   - fasting
   - nutrition
   - diseases
   - prior exercise.

Question 12

What influences the rate of glycolysis / glycogeneolysis? - how do they affect the rate?

Answer 12

1. The NAD+/NADH ratio.
   - the rate is affected that if their is a high NAD+ to NADH ratio then the speed of glycolysis will speed up because of the lactate being produced.
2. ADP/ATP ratio.
   - if their is more ADP than ATP then the speed of glycolysis speeds up. (Glycolysis slows down if their is more ATP than ADP)
3. Substrate availability.
   - low glucose/glycogen levels decrease rate of glycolysis/ glycogeneolysis.
   - fasting
   - nutrition
   - diseases
   - prior exercise.

Question 13

energy has 2 activating enzymes, what are they?

2. what is the amount of ATP produced in glucose and glycogen?

Answer 13

• hex-kinase
• phophofrutiokinase

2. 2 for glucose
   - 3 for glycogen

Question 14

BLa and MCT1 are responsible for what?

Answer 14

BLa
- takes lactate into the blood
- transport pyruvate &(lactate)

MCT1
- allow lactate to diffuse into the matrix.

Question 15

what are the consequences of H+ generated during glycolysis?

Answer 15

• increase accusation in muscle (pain)
• decrease in PFK (needs normal glycolysis)
• decrease in phosphorylase activity
• inhibits Ca2+ binding at troponin

Question 16

what affect happens when their is an increase in H+ as a consequence of of H+?

Answer 16

• decrease in ATPase activity.
• decrease in Na/K activity
• decrease SR ATPase activity.
• decrease in Ca2+ regulation
• decrease in myosin ATPase activity.
• decrease contraction

Question 17

what consequence of La generated during fast glycolysis have?

Answer 17

• increase La
• increase accumulation in muscle
• increase oxidation of La- in muscle
  -increase efflux to other muscle fibres.

Question 18

what is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic glycolysis?

Answer 18

AEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS
- carbons have a oxygen partner to match up with.
- oxygen is present.
- glucose is a 6 carbon molecule that gets broken into 2 3carbon molecules called pyruvate.
- pyruvate gets broken down even farther into 2 carbons that is acetyl CoA. the 3rd carbon from pyruvate attaches with a o2 to form CO2 and is exhaled.
- aerobic glycolysis occurs when their is low intensity, and last 3 minutes or longer. (a walk)
- 2 ATP are produced.PFK keeps glycolysis system moving fast.

ANAEROBIC GYLCOLYSIS
- not enough oxygen to match with carbon.
- glucose breaks glucose into 2 pyruvate.
- pyruvate breaks down into lactate.
- this occurs during high intensity workouts 30-90 seconds roughly.
- lactate take H+ ion bc NAD+ is oxidized to NADH +H+
- lactate is used as a buffering system. H+ ions are taken out, which produces high energy through NAD+ and NADH.
- lactate threshold is involved with anaerobic glycolysis.
- lactate going into the cori cycle.

Question 19

how does the kerb cycle work?

Answer 19

• the kreb cycle starts with pyruvate from aerobic glycolysis.
• bc this is apart of the aerobic glycolysis pyruvate breaks down into acetyl CoA.
• Acytel CoA (2 carbons) combine with a 4 carbon molecule (oxaloacetate) to form citric acid.
• NAD+ phosphorylates to NADH, energy produced from the Krebs cycle. 3X.
• 2 CO2 molecules are produced in Krebs and released by exhalation.
• we get 4 NADH, 1 FADH, 2 ATP that are produced from a full kerb cycle.
• we produce a total of 38 ATP
  + 10 NADH x 3 = 30 ATP
  + 3 ATP produced = 1 NADH molecule
  + 2 FADH x 2 = 4 ATP
  + 2 ATP produced = 1 FADH molecule.

+ 2 ATP from glycolysis
+ 2 ATP from Krebs cycle
+ 38 total ATP.

Question 20

name 3 factors that affect the rate of enzymic reaction

Answer 20

• tempeture
• substate composition
• pH

Question 21

where does ATPase lie within the muscle fibres?

Answer 21

• myosin filament

Question 22

which “energy system” possesses the highest peak power? which has the highest capacity to produce ATP?

Answer 22

peak power
- CrP

capacity
- aerobic glycolysis + ETC

Question 23

name 3 enzymes that comprise the ATP-PCr system?

Answer 23

• creatine kinase
• ATPase
• myokinase

Question 24

1. what is the purpose of gluconeogenesis?

Answer 24

one of the purposes of gluconeogenesis is to reconvert LDH back into glucose.

Question 25

what are the fates of lactate? and how do they work?

Answer 25

• 50-75% used as fuel.
  + lactate is converted back into pyruvate which is oxidized to ATP, CO2, H2O. by the ETC and Krebs cycle.
  -10-15% used for gluconeogenesis
  + lactate is reconverted to glucose/glycogen in the liver.
• 5-10% provides C’s for amino acids and other proteins.
  + (transamination)

Question 26

during lactate oxidation, how is pyruvate shuttled?

Answer 26

during glycolysis glucose is converted into pyruvate which then gets turned into lactate. Lactate then goes through MCT 1 which gets turned into pyruvate which moves into complex 1 after being turned into A.CoA, then going through the Krebs cycle.
- MCT 1 is the complex in which pyruvate is used to be shuttled into the mitchodronia.

Question 27

how is lactate moved out of the cell in the extracellular lactate shuttle?

Answer 27

• lactate is moved out by MCT 4.
• lactate is shuttled to an area where their is more O2 available.
• the lactate can also be converted by the process of glyconeogenesis into glucose or glycogen.

Question 28

how do triglycerides work with gluconeogenesis?

Answer 28

• Tri.glycer. are free fatty acids, which is then broken into glycerol. glycerol is transported to the liver where it is broken into glucose. the blood vessel transfers the glucose into the muscle cell.

Question 29

what is a bi product of anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 29

• lactate.
• when aerobic glycolysis can no longer produce pyruvate, the a carbon breaks off allowing for the cycle of NADH to NAD+ and the energy is release producing energy.

Question 30

how does the cori cycle work?

Answer 30

• in the cori cycle lactate/pyruvate is TRANSFERED into the liver where pyruvate is made into glucose.
  – glucose enters the blood vessel where glucose can be taken to the nervous system or into a muscle where glucose will break down into pyruvate/ lactate. (depending on which system is being used.)
• lactate is then converted back to pyruvate and enters the blood vessel and the process starts again.

Question 31

why is gluconeogenesis important? (GNG)

Answer 31

• glucose is essential for CNS function.
• GNG is important when blood glucose is low, which is caused by starvation and prolonged exercise.

Question 32

what molecules affect buffering capacity?

Answer 32

• Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
• inorganic Phosphate (Pi)
• proteins

Question 33

how does buffering work capacity work?

Answer 33

• histidine is a protein that acts as a buffer by containing compounds.
• buffering is maintaaining pH in muscles, while anaerobic power production is extended, and a reduction in power.
• the greater the buffering capacity, the greater the glycolytic capacity.

Question 34

how does the lactic system respond to training?

Answer 34

1. increase in the 4 key enzymes. (name them)
   - increase power of the system.
2. increase in sk. muscle buffering capacity.
   - increase ability to resist a change in pH.
3. increase glycogen stores within muscle.
   - increase capacity, and power of the system.