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Kin 210 > fat metabolism > Flashcards

fat metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

what is different about fat metabolism, than the other types of metabolism?

A
  • in order for fat metabolism to occur oxygen must be present.
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2
Q

what are 2 ways that skeletal muscle metabolism of fat occurs?

A
  • free fatty acids that go into the blood and attach to albumin.
  • stored triglyceride in muscle.
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3
Q

what makes a triglyceride?

A
  • free fatty acid +glycerol
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4
Q

how do free fatty acid move into a muscle?

A
  • a free fatty acid must attach with albumin and use a fatty acid transport protein (FATP) to diffuse into a muscle cell.
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5
Q

what do glucose, glycogen, and free fatty acid have in common?

A

they all produce A.CoA

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6
Q

once a fatty acid comes into the cell, it binds with 1______. 2_______ becomes 2_______ by 3________ which makes the fatty acid 4_______ (_______)

A
  1. fatty acid binding protein
  2. ATP, ADP
  3. fatty acyl-CoA synthase
  4. fatty acyl-CoA
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7
Q

what allows the activated fatty acid to enter into the mitochondria matrix?

A
  • carnitine shuttle.
    this allows fatty acids to enter cells.
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8
Q

when H2O and 1________ enzyme work together, what happens? 2

A
  1. 3 hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase (3-HAD)
  2. this enzyme works to take a H+ and e-.
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9
Q

Carnitine shuttle is a _____ that allows _____ to enter the mitochondria matrix?

A
  • enzyme that allows fatty acids to enter the cell.
  • activated fatty acid
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10
Q

NAD+ & FAD are reductions (opposite as what you think) of _______ and are shuttled to where?

A
  • NADH & FADH2

they are both shuttled to the ETC.

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11
Q

what happens to a triglyceride when it comes into a cell? interns of carbons and breakdown.

A
  • there can be a number of carbons that come with a tri. glyc. and when they break up, they break up into groups of 2 carbons. this is a continuous cycle until there are no carbons left.
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12
Q

beta oxidation produces what? that affect the ETC

A
  • 1 FADH2
  • 1 NADH
  • H+ ions
  • 1 A.CoA
  • 4 net ATP (for every carbon that is broken up 4 ATP are produced.)
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13
Q

beta oxidation had what enzyme that is known as a rate limiter?

A
  • 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase.
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14
Q

what are ketones bodies?

A
  • ketone bodies are water soluble molecules that develop in the liver, when we have low CHO available.
  • when there is a decrease in CHO, then there is a increase in ketone bodies
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15
Q

what are keto acidosis?

A
  • keto acidosis is the excessive production ketone bodies, which will through off our pH which can become toxic.
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16
Q

how does protein metabolism work?

A
  • A.A are apart of protein metabolism which allows the body to form structures and enzymes.
  • also used asa energy source.
17
Q

what are the functions of amino acids in protein metabolism?

A
  • A.A are apart of protein metabolism which allows the body to form structures and enzymes.
  • also used asa energy source.
  • gluconeogenic precursors (alanine)
18
Q

what are the 3 various levels of metabolism of protein?

A
  1. pyruvate
  2. Acetyl CoA
  3. krebs cycle
19
Q

what is amino acid metabolism?

A
  • amino group (nitrogen) removal must take place first.
20
Q

what are the 2 ways in which amino acid metabolism occurs?

A
  • transamination, which is the transfer of nitrogen to another keto acid.
    amino acid that is formed is glutamate.
  • oxidative deamination, which is the complete removal of nitrogen. production of keto acid, NADH to ETC and NH3
21
Q

what are 3 amino acids that also form A.CoA?

A
  • alanine
  • glycine
  • isoleucine
22
Q

what produces A.CoA in the body?

A
  • proteins (amino acids)
  • pyruvic acid from glycolysis
  • fatty acid
23
Q

why is oxaolacotate important?

A
  • the brain and central nervous system require glucose as their primary source of fuel.
  • used to create glucose from a non carbon source when the body needs glucose.
  • converted into glucose
24
Q

what are the 3 types of ketones

A

-acetoacetic acid
- beta hydroxybutric acid
- acetone

25
Q

what are the 5 ways of control of aerobic metabolism?

  • instramuscular triglycerides are broken down first (note)
A
  1. substrate locations and limitations
  2. effect of exercise intensity
  3. effect of exercise duration
  4. key metabolic regulators of aerobic ATP production.
  5. rate limiting enzymes
    - phosphofructokinase
    - isocitrate dehydrogenase
    - 3 hydroxyaceytl dehydrogenase
    - cytochrome oxidase
26
Q

what is the effect of exercise intensity?
(aerobic metabolism)

A
  • this is a measurement of % VO2max (X) and % of fats: CHO ratio being used. (Y)
27
Q

what is the “effect of exercise duration”?

A
  • this is the measurement of exercise in hr (x) and the % of energy expenditure (y)
28
Q

determine the fallowing fuel sources with duration and % EE
1. 1 hr and 30% EE
2. 3 hr and 60% EE
3. 4 hr and 85% EE
4. 2 hr and 45% EE

A
  1. muscle glycogen
  2. blood plasma
  3. muscle triglyceride
  4. blood glucose
29
Q

what are 3 things that would affect regulators of aerobic ATP production?

A
  1. energy state of cell
    - ADP : ATP ratio
    - if ADP increases then ATP respiration increases
  2. redox state of cell (faster respiration
    - NAD+ /NADH ratio
    - if there is an increase in NAD+ then there will be a increase in respiration
  3. instracellular Ca2+
    - the stimulation of Ca2+ will allow for the myosin fibril to attach to troponin and the muscle contracts. this will increase Ca2+ respiration.
30
Q

what molecules change during training adaptations?

A
  • glucose and glycogen
  • amino acids
  • free fatty acids
  • mitochondria
  • lactate
  • electron trans port chain.
  • 2 NADH + H+
31
Q

what are the 4 aerobic metabolism training adaptations?

A
  1. substrates
  2. mitochondria & oxidative enzymes
  3. glycogen sparing
  4. structural changes
32
Q

what would be noticed during substrate aerobic metabolism in training adaptations?

A
  • we would get an increase in glycogen & aft storage in muscles, esp. slow twitch fibres.
  • we would get a increase in myoglobin thus a increase in O2 stores in the muscle.
33
Q

what would be noticed during mitochondria & oxidative enzyme, aerobic metabolism in training adaptations?

A
  • increase in size and # of mitochondria.
  • increase in enzyme activities in pathway and rate limiting enzymes.
34
Q

what would be noticed during glycogen sparing aerobic metabolism in training adaptations?

A
  • increase availability and rate of oxidation of fats, glycogen.
  • decrease in GLUT-4 translocation in moderate exercise.
  • this allows us to become better at using fat as a fuel source rather than glycogen “sparing”
35
Q

what would be noticed during structural changes aerobic metabolism in training adaptations?

A
  • increase capillaries thus increasing substrate supply and removal or metabolic waste. there fore we get more O2, more waste removal, and more substrates being produced and working.
  • increase GLUT -4, increase insulin sensitivity

Kin 210 (11 decks)

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