fat metabolism Flashcards
what is different about fat metabolism, than the other types of metabolism?
- in order for fat metabolism to occur oxygen must be present.
what are 2 ways that skeletal muscle metabolism of fat occurs?
- free fatty acids that go into the blood and attach to albumin.
- stored triglyceride in muscle.
what makes a triglyceride?
- free fatty acid +glycerol
how do free fatty acid move into a muscle?
- a free fatty acid must attach with albumin and use a fatty acid transport protein (FATP) to diffuse into a muscle cell.
what do glucose, glycogen, and free fatty acid have in common?
they all produce A.CoA
once a fatty acid comes into the cell, it binds with 1______. 2_______ becomes 2_______ by 3________ which makes the fatty acid 4_______ (_______)
- fatty acid binding protein
- ATP, ADP
- fatty acyl-CoA synthase
- fatty acyl-CoA
what allows the activated fatty acid to enter into the mitochondria matrix?
- carnitine shuttle.
this allows fatty acids to enter cells.
when H2O and 1________ enzyme work together, what happens? 2
- 3 hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase (3-HAD)
- this enzyme works to take a H+ and e-.
Carnitine shuttle is a _____ that allows _____ to enter the mitochondria matrix?
- enzyme that allows fatty acids to enter the cell.
- activated fatty acid
NAD+ & FAD are reductions (opposite as what you think) of _______ and are shuttled to where?
- NADH & FADH2
they are both shuttled to the ETC.
what happens to a triglyceride when it comes into a cell? interns of carbons and breakdown.
- there can be a number of carbons that come with a tri. glyc. and when they break up, they break up into groups of 2 carbons. this is a continuous cycle until there are no carbons left.
beta oxidation produces what? that affect the ETC
- 1 FADH2
- 1 NADH
- H+ ions
- 1 A.CoA
- 4 net ATP (for every carbon that is broken up 4 ATP are produced.)
beta oxidation had what enzyme that is known as a rate limiter?
- 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase.
what are ketones bodies?
- ketone bodies are water soluble molecules that develop in the liver, when we have low CHO available.
- when there is a decrease in CHO, then there is a increase in ketone bodies
what are keto acidosis?
- keto acidosis is the excessive production ketone bodies, which will through off our pH which can become toxic.
how does protein metabolism work?
- A.A are apart of protein metabolism which allows the body to form structures and enzymes.
- also used asa energy source.
what are the functions of amino acids in protein metabolism?
- A.A are apart of protein metabolism which allows the body to form structures and enzymes.
- also used asa energy source.
- gluconeogenic precursors (alanine)
what are the 3 various levels of metabolism of protein?
- pyruvate
- Acetyl CoA
- krebs cycle
what is amino acid metabolism?
- amino group (nitrogen) removal must take place first.
what are the 2 ways in which amino acid metabolism occurs?
- transamination, which is the transfer of nitrogen to another keto acid.
amino acid that is formed is glutamate. - oxidative deamination, which is the complete removal of nitrogen. production of keto acid, NADH to ETC and NH3
what are 3 amino acids that also form A.CoA?
- alanine
- glycine
- isoleucine
what produces A.CoA in the body?
- proteins (amino acids)
- pyruvic acid from glycolysis
- fatty acid
why is oxaolacotate important?
- the brain and central nervous system require glucose as their primary source of fuel.
- used to create glucose from a non carbon source when the body needs glucose.
- converted into glucose
what are the 3 types of ketones
-acetoacetic acid
- beta hydroxybutric acid
- acetone
what are the 5 ways of control of aerobic metabolism?
- instramuscular triglycerides are broken down first (note)
- substrate locations and limitations
- effect of exercise intensity
- effect of exercise duration
- key metabolic regulators of aerobic ATP production.
- rate limiting enzymes
- phosphofructokinase
- isocitrate dehydrogenase
- 3 hydroxyaceytl dehydrogenase
- cytochrome oxidase
what is the effect of exercise intensity?
(aerobic metabolism)
- this is a measurement of % VO2max (X) and % of fats: CHO ratio being used. (Y)
what is the “effect of exercise duration”?
- this is the measurement of exercise in hr (x) and the % of energy expenditure (y)
determine the fallowing fuel sources with duration and % EE
1. 1 hr and 30% EE
2. 3 hr and 60% EE
3. 4 hr and 85% EE
4. 2 hr and 45% EE
- muscle glycogen
- blood plasma
- muscle triglyceride
- blood glucose
what are 3 things that would affect regulators of aerobic ATP production?
- energy state of cell
- ADP : ATP ratio
- if ADP increases then ATP respiration increases - redox state of cell (faster respiration
- NAD+ /NADH ratio
- if there is an increase in NAD+ then there will be a increase in respiration - instracellular Ca2+
- the stimulation of Ca2+ will allow for the myosin fibril to attach to troponin and the muscle contracts. this will increase Ca2+ respiration.
what molecules change during training adaptations?
- glucose and glycogen
- amino acids
- free fatty acids
- mitochondria
- lactate
- electron trans port chain.
- 2 NADH + H+
what are the 4 aerobic metabolism training adaptations?
- substrates
- mitochondria & oxidative enzymes
- glycogen sparing
- structural changes
what would be noticed during substrate aerobic metabolism in training adaptations?
- we would get an increase in glycogen & aft storage in muscles, esp. slow twitch fibres.
- we would get a increase in myoglobin thus a increase in O2 stores in the muscle.
what would be noticed during mitochondria & oxidative enzyme, aerobic metabolism in training adaptations?
- increase in size and # of mitochondria.
- increase in enzyme activities in pathway and rate limiting enzymes.
what would be noticed during glycogen sparing aerobic metabolism in training adaptations?
- increase availability and rate of oxidation of fats, glycogen.
- decrease in GLUT-4 translocation in moderate exercise.
- this allows us to become better at using fat as a fuel source rather than glycogen “sparing”
what would be noticed during structural changes aerobic metabolism in training adaptations?
- increase capillaries thus increasing substrate supply and removal or metabolic waste. there fore we get more O2, more waste removal, and more substrates being produced and working.
- increase GLUT -4, increase insulin sensitivity
