Chapter 2 Energy Production Flashcards
Energy is what?
Capacity to preform work
Energy transfer is what?
Production of ATP
How is energy able to be used?
In order for energy to be used ATP must have a phosphate group break off, that phosphate being broken off is energy being released. ATP then turns to ADP +P
what is adenosine?
- Adenosine is a neclecic acid and ribose together which RNA.
what is cellular respiration?
- The process in which cells transfer energy from food to ATP. (requires oxygen)
what is the formula for glucose and cellular respiration?
(G) C6 H12 O6 + 6CO2 = (CR) 6CO2 +6H2O + ENERGY/ATP
what is potential and kinetic energy?
pot.
- store energy
kin.
- energy in motion
what are the types of work in the body? And what is an example of each
- mechanical work
walking, muscle contraction - chemical work
digestion (reactions/ breakdowns)
-transport work
circulatory system, transformation of cellular respiration that does the work.
define:
1. anabolism
2. catabolic
3. exergonic reactions
4. endergonic reactions
5. reduction
6. oxidation
- build up (often times hormones)
- breakdown (often involves hydrolysis. Ex. glycogen & adrenolen)
- chemical process that release energy
- chemical process that store/absorbs energy
- gain of protron (e- or H+)
- loss of protron
what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated, in relationship to glucose?
saturated all the carbons and hydrogens have a partner that they match with. with unsaturated not all the hydrogens have a carbon to attach to, therefore the body is able to break unsaturated down faster and easier.
what 2 types of energy occurs, when the body cannot expenditure all the chemical energy? or total energy expenditure is represented by _____ and _____?
- mechanical energy
- heat energy (60% of energy released as heat)
what are 2 factors that affect bioenergetics?
- enzymes
- coenzymes
what are enzymes and how do they work?
- enzymes are proteins.
- enzymes are catalase (enzyme breakdown)
+ enzymes are specific, that require a specific substrate. the enzymes active site becomes available for attachment of the substrate. once the substrate fits in, hydrolysis occurs where the substrate is separated into its two products, and those 2 products are spit out.
_____ breaks down protein
1. what are 2 types of enzymes
2. what is it called when a enzyme changes shape
- pepsin enzyme
1. pepsin
1. salivary amylase
2. denatured
how do co-factor enzymes work?
- cofactor enzymes are helper molecules that allow the active site to become open.
- they also use contain carbon in order to work.
what is an example of a cofactor enzyme?
NAD, FAD, CoAA, CoQ
what process is needed for muscle contraction?
- aerobic respiration occurs which produces the most amount of ATP, which is used for muscle contractions.
what “systems” are occur for ATP turnover?
- Electron transport chain
- creatine phosphate
where to the ETC take place?
1. where is the high and low H+ ions hangout for the ETC?
- the inner membrane of the mitochondria
1. Low H+ in matrix
1. High H+ in cytoplasm
which system has lots of power, fatigues quick, and uses fast twitch fibres? is this an anaerobic aerobic?
how long does this system last
- phosphocreatine (PCr, PC, Cp) & anaerobic
- 10-12 seconds
this system is used anaerobically and aerobically, and we use it till we run out.
glucose/glycogen system
last for 2-3 minutes
how do you tell which Ana or aerobic system is being used.
you never use just one system. you will use a bit of both. you will use anaerobic first for your short power with fast fatigue. once that system is over in about 10-12 second then the glucose/glycogen system takes over that uses anaerobic and or aerobic (based on which system is more dominant.
explain the alactic anaerobic system?
- creatine (C) bind with phosphate (P)
- P is then added to ADP to make ATP
- C + ATP
- a P breaks off forming ADP +Pi + energy.
- the energy is released because of the P breaking off.
creatine is stored in what organ?
- liver.
- we get creatine from red meats.
what are the 4 energy sources used for re-synthesis of ATP for muscular work?
- phosphocreatine (anaerobic)
- glucose/glycogen (anaerobic and/ or aerobic)
- fats (producing work)
- proteins
how do we determine if the system being used in anaerobic or aerobic?
- neither system is fully 100% used. depending on the exercise being done will depend on if it is Ana or aerobic. once that system is “empty” then the other system slowly takes over.
how does the ATP-PC, glycolysis, aerobic system work together?
- ATP-PC is used during the 0-3 second phase of aerobic respiration during exercise. as ATP-PC comes down in the amount of energy being used, the glycolysis system takes over. glycolysis lasts about 10-12 seconds and as glycolysis starts to decline the aerobic system takes over which can last unto 5 minutes.
how is ATP-PCr used and regenerated?
- during exercise ATPase releases energy for muscle contraction. ATP has been broken down to ADP +P. ADP needs another P, so it goes to step 2 which ADP takes a P away from PC. thus leaving just a creatine molecule, and ADP has now regained its P and is now ATP again. Finally during the recovery phase ATP goes to the creatine kinase system where a ATP molecule is broken up, and becomes ADP to regenerate the P that was used in step two. During aerobic respiration ADP has its P restored and has gone back to ATP.
what is MK?
- myokinase
- 2 ADP molecules.
- ADP + ADP = (products that are formed) AMP + ATP
