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Kin 210 > cardiovascular system and exercise > Flashcards

cardiovascular system and exercise Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the cardiovascular system and exercise?

A

-transport CO2 and O2
- supply nutrients
- circulation of hormones
(hormones travel from area of production to an area of activation)
- waste removal
- regulation of blood flow
thermoregulation

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2
Q

what allows low blood to flow freely?

A
  • vessels
  • peripheral resistance
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3
Q

if blood in the veins, what is the pathway of blood flow?

A
  • into inferior vena cava
  • into right atrium
  • through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle.
  • out through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into the pulmonary arteries.
  • from pulmonary arteries it goes into the lungs and into the right and left pulmonary veins.
  • left atrium through the bicuspid valve and into the left ventricle.
  • enters into the aortic semilunar valve and into the aorta.
  • goes from aorta to capillaries and back into the veins.
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4
Q

what are 3 intrinsic controls of the heart?

A
  1. SA NODE
  2. AV NODE
  3. bundle of his
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5
Q

how is the SA node controlled?

A

SA NODE
- controls rate of rhythm
- has active leaky ion channels. (Na+ & Ca2+)
- SA node is depolarizing
- the shift in NA+ is the SA node being depolarized for the action potential to occur.
spontaneous de & depolarization.

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6
Q

how is the AV NODE controlled?

A
  • reduced stroke volume
  • slows impulse to allow artial emptying.
  • depolarization that spreads down.
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7
Q

how is the “bundle of his” controlled?

A
  • ventricular depolarization & contraction
  • depolarization occurs at the SA node which travel to the internal pathway and into the AV node. once in the AV node the current goes to the purkinje fibers.
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8
Q

define the fallowing:
P wave
QRS wave
ST wave
QT WAVE

A

P WAVE
- atrial depolarization which causes atrial contraction.

QRS WAVE
- depolarization of myocytes in the ventricles and occurs at the same time as atrial repolarization.

ST WAVE
- time for ventricle to full depolarization

QT WAVE
- time for ventricles to depolarize and repolarize.

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9
Q

list and explain the 3 phases in the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. atrial systole: ventricular diastole
    - atrial contraction occurs where small amounts of blood are added into relaxed ventricles.
  2. ventricular systole: artial diastole
    - atrial systole ends, atrial diastole begins
    - ventricular systole first phase:
    ventricular contraction exerts pressure on the blood to close AV valves but not enough to open the semilunar valves.
    - ventricular systole second phase:
    ventricular pressure increases and puts pressure on the arteries, the semilunar valve opens and blood is ejected.
  3. atrial diastole: ventricular diastole
    - ventricular diastole early
    ventricles relax, pressure drops, blood flows back against the cusps of the semilunar valves forcing them closed. blood flows into the relaxed atria.
    - ventricular diastole late
    all chambers are relaxed, ventricles fill passively.
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10
Q

what is
ICP
VFP
VEP
IRP

A

ICP= increased pressure due to contraction of the ventricles but volume is not changed, and valves are closed

VFP= blood enters the ventricle through the A-V valve that is open. volume increases but pressure does not change.

VEP= pressure continues to increase then it decreases as contrition continues. blood is ejected through the ventricles through the open aortic valve.

IRP= pressure decreases as the ventricles relax but volume remains the same bc the valves are closed.

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11
Q
  1. how do MAP and blood pressure work together?
  2. what does Q measure?
  3. what does TRP?
A

MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE
1. this is how much blood flow is coming out of the heart, which is driving the force of blood flow.
- MAP fallows the same line as systolic blood pressure where it increases and then plateau.
- the weighted average arterial pressure during a single cardiac cycle.

  1. function of cardiac output, volume, and frequency.
    stroke volume X cardiac output= blood volume ejected in 1 beat.
  2. total peripheral resistance.
    these are all factors the influence resistance, and what is opposing blood flow.
    vasodilation, vasoconstriction, and narrowing of arteries is what opposes blood flow.
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12
Q

critical perfusion of BP is regulated by what?

A
  • heart (Q measurement)
  • kidneys (blood volume)
  • blood vessel tone (vasoconstriction & dilation)
  • aortic & carotid baroreceptors (input to nervous sympathetic)
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13
Q

what is pulse pressure?

A
  • the change in blood pressure during contraction of the heart.
    SBP-DBP=PP
  • pulse pressure is the difference between systolic blood pressure minus (-) diastolic blood pressure equals pulse pressure.
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14
Q

how would SBP respond during aerobic exercise?

A
  • there would be a increase of SBP due to a increase in Q, which is required to support exercising muscles.
  • SBP increase
  • Q INCREASE
  • TRP decrease
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15
Q

how would DBP respond during aerobic exercise?

A
  • equal or a slight decrease in healthy or trained individuals.
  • vasodilation will increase the number of open arterioles, which will decrease TRP.
  • DBP will equal or decrease blood pressure
  • Q will have stay the same.
  • TRP decrease BP
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16
Q

a plateau and decrease in SBP is know as what?

A
  • systolic cardiac drift
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17
Q

during strength training what would happen to BP and why?

A
  • both SBP and DBP will increase because of muscle contraction of the vessels.
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18
Q

what is functional syncytium?

A
  • interconnectedness between cells.
  • there is also a slight delay between cells when depolarization happens.
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19
Q

the heart is highly aerobic, what are things that the heart is responsible for producing?

A
  • high vascularization
  • greatest mitochondria of any tissue
  • high O2 extraction
  • high fat metabolism
  • high LDH
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20
Q

name 3 neural controls of the heart?

A
  • vasomotor center
  • cardio-accelerator center
  • cardio-inhibitor center
21
Q

what does vasomotor center affect structurally? and is it sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A
  • skeletal muscle arterioles (vasodilation)
  • visceral arterioles, how we monitor BP (vasoconstriction)
  • Both sympathetic outflow.
22
Q

what does the cardio-accelerator center affect? and sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A
  • affects the heart and increases heart rate, and contractility increases
  • sympathetic outflow.
23
Q

what does cardio-inhibitor center affect?
and sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A
  • also affects the heart but it decreases heart rate and slight decrease in contractility.
  • parasympathetic.
24
Q

what 2 stimulations fall under the autonomic neural control of the heart?

A
  1. sympathetic stimulation
    - norepinephrine is released from sympathetic nerve.
    - nerve endings increase HR, SV, Q, BP
  2. parasympathetic stimulation.
    - release of acetoylcholine from nerve endings. which decrease HR, SV, Q, BP.
25
Q

name other factors that affect neural control of the heart?

A
  1. higher brain centres
  2. systemic receptors
  3. muscle receptors
  4. chemoreceptors.
26
Q

what will occurs physiologically in each of these factors control of the heart?
1. higher brain centres
2. systemic receptors
3. muscle receptors
4. chemoreceptors.

A
  1. high brain centres
    CEREBRAL CORTEXT
    - emotional factors
    - motor cortex
    HYPOTHALAMUS
    - input from cortex
    - body tempeture.
  2. systemic receptors.
    BARORECEPTORS
    - responds to MAP increase which leads to a increase in parasympathetic outflow and a decrease in sympathetic outflow.
    STRETCH RECEPTORS
    (right atrium)
    increase venous return which leads to more blood into the heart, and sympathetic outflow increase.
  3. muscle receptors
    - increase movement leads to increased sympathetic outflow.
    - increased activity causes a increase in metabolites which leads to increased to sympathetic outflow.
  4. chemoreceptors
    - increase PCO2, H+
    - decrease PO2 leads to general vasoconstriction.
    - vasoconstriction will increase pressure and resistance.
27
Q

review the diagram of ppt 9a slide 4.

A
28
Q

what does cerebral, bronchial, coronary, spianchnic, renal, cutaneous, skeletal muscle circulation.

A

cerebral- blood supply to the brain.

bronchial- blood supply to the lungs tissues of the lungs.

coronary- supply heart with blood

spianchnic- blood supply to liver, gall bladder.

renal- kidney filters the blood.

cutaneous- blood flow to the skin.

skeletal muscle circulation- blood flow to the skeletal muscle.

29
Q

what would be noticed with pressure if capillaries are farther and closer from/to the heart?

A
  • capillaries farther there will be lower pressure.
  • capillaries closer to the heart will have a higher pressure.
30
Q

what is the process of the aortic semilunar valve opening?

A
  • blood will come in through the left pulmonary veins into the left atrium. it pushes through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle. as blood fills up in the ventricle it build pressure closing the bicuspid valve. once enough pressure has built up in the ventricle and contraction happens the aortic semilunar valve opens because the pressure is so high allowing the blood to flow out of the heart (systole) through the aorta and out to the rest of the system.
31
Q

cardiac cycle graphs

discribe the process of ventricle, arterial, and aortic pressure during the cardiac cycle?

A
  • the ventricle fill with blood which increases the pressure. during the increase of pressure the AV valve remain closed and the semilunar valve closed. ventricular pressure is high then atrial pressure is low. the ventricle contracts releasing the blood which will decrease the amount of pressure. once the pressure reaches peak then the AV valve opens and blood rushes out. as the ventricle pressure decreases the atrial pressure increases.
    as pressure increases the amount of blood volume increases.
32
Q

blood flow, resistance is determined by TPR, what is TPR dependant on?

A
  • viscosity of blood (how thick is the blood)
  • length of vessels
  • radius of vessels
33
Q

what allows vasodilation of arterioles in skeletal muscle?

A
  • sympathetic outflow to arterioles.
  • vasoconstriction occurs at the non-working muscles and vasodilation at the working muscles.
  • decrease in PO2 and a increase in PCO2, H+, K+ and nitric oxide (NO) released from arteriole endothelial cells.
34
Q

SV is dependent on wha 4 things?

A
  1. preload
    - the amount of blood returning from the atria (+preload=+SV)
  2. size of ventricles
    - both wall thickness and cavity dimensions.
    (increase strength of the chamber)
  3. contractility
    - force of contraction of the heart muscle.
  4. afterload
    - force needed to eject against pressure in aorta.
35
Q

ejection fraction is what?

A
  • this is the % that comes into the heart, that also leaves the heart.
  • EF=EDV-ESV X 100
  • at rest 50-60% enters and leaves the heart
  • during exercise 60-70% enter and leave the heart.
36
Q

during pre-exercise there is a increase in cardiac output, HR, SV, and VE, why?

A
  • in the brain there is a increase in the sympathetic system, and a decrease in the parasympathetic nervous system.
37
Q

during maximal consumption of O2 during a VO2max test, what are 2 important physiological system?

A
  1. central (oxygen delivery to muscles.
    - this is dependent on HR, Q (cardiac output), SV, injection fraction, Hb.
  2. peripheral (oxygen utilization by muscle.)
    - dependent on capillarization of muscle fibers, oxidative capacity, and muscle fibre type.
38
Q

what factors would you consider for someone to me VO2max?

A
  1. RER greater than 1.10 which indicates that we are going through anaerobic metabolism over aerobic.
  2. BLa is greater than 8.0 mmol/L
  3. RPE is greater than 18.
  4. peak and plateau in VO2
  5. HR is within 10 bpm of predicted HRmax.
  6. physical exhaustion.
39
Q

what are the 3 main possible limitations to VO2max?

A
  1. cardiovascular system
  2. respiratory system
  3. skeletal muscle/ metabolic function.
40
Q

in the cardiovascular system, what items would impacts VO2 central and peripheral?

A

CENTRAL
- cardiac output
- material blood flow
- hemoglobin concentration. ( if the hem (Fe) have a lower concentration then their is a lower O2 that can attack to it, and therefore less hemoglobin concentration.)

PERIPHERAL
- muscle blood flow
- muscle capillary density
- oxygen diffusion
- oxygen extraction
- hemoglobin-oxygen exchange

41
Q

why is someone who is trained more likely to have a higher VO2max than a untrained individual?

A
  • the person who is trained will have greater SV, HR which influence VO2max. cardiac output is the biggest limiter in VO2max.
42
Q

what are the 6 influencing factors of VO2max?

A
  • sex difference
  • exercise mode
  • age
  • heredity
  • trained status
  • environmental factors
43
Q

why is there a difference in VO2max, with different sex’s?

A
  • mainly due to testosterone
  • decrease in % body fat & increase muscle mass
  • increase in heart size (SV & Q), blood volume, hemoglobin (Hb)
  • the difference in lung size and the heart will play a factor in the vo2max scores, this is from the differences physiologically between male and female.
44
Q

in age, what would someone notice as a influencing factor in VO2max?

A
  • 10% decrease in VO2 every decade after the age of 30, bc of HRmax
  • decrease in SV, oxidative capacity, sarcopenia
  • compliance of CV system.
45
Q

how would Q (cardiac output) during endurance training be affected?

changed, increase, decreased.

at rest, absolute submax exercise, max exercise.

A

rest= unchanged
submax= decrease/ unchanged
max exercise= increased

46
Q

how would SV during endurance training be affected?

changed, increase, decreased.

at rest, absolute submax exercise, max exercise.

A

rest= increased
submax= increased
max exercise= increased

47
Q

how would HR during endurance training be affected by the CV system?

changed, increase, decreased.

at rest, absolute submax exercise, max exercise.

A

rest= decreased
submax= decreased
max exercise= unchanged/ decreased

48
Q

What changes in CV adaptations would you see in vascular structure and function?

A
  • ↓ HRrest
    Decrease sympathetic and increase parasympathetic drive
    Increase HRV
  • increase sv rest
    Increase plasma volume.
  • increase RBC and blood volume.
  • decrease clot potential and increase fibrinolysis
  • arterial increase in capitalization
49
Q

What is heart rate variability?

A
  • Autonomic input to the heart
  • the sympathetic drives the consistency of HR
  • beat to beat variation in times of R to R in time intervals between successful heart boats.

Kin 210 (12 decks)

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