cardiovascular system and exercise Flashcards
what are the functions of the cardiovascular system and exercise?
-transport CO2 and O2
- supply nutrients
- circulation of hormones
(hormones travel from area of production to an area of activation)
- waste removal
- regulation of blood flow
thermoregulation
what allows low blood to flow freely?
- vessels
- peripheral resistance
if blood in the veins, what is the pathway of blood flow?
- into inferior vena cava
- into right atrium
- through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle.
- out through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into the pulmonary arteries.
- from pulmonary arteries it goes into the lungs and into the right and left pulmonary veins.
- left atrium through the bicuspid valve and into the left ventricle.
- enters into the aortic semilunar valve and into the aorta.
- goes from aorta to capillaries and back into the veins.
what are 3 intrinsic controls of the heart?
- SA NODE
- AV NODE
- bundle of his
how is the SA node controlled?
SA NODE
- controls rate of rhythm
- has active leaky ion channels. (Na+ & Ca2+)
- SA node is depolarizing
- the shift in NA+ is the SA node being depolarized for the action potential to occur.
spontaneous de & depolarization.
how is the AV NODE controlled?
- reduced stroke volume
- slows impulse to allow artial emptying.
- depolarization that spreads down.
how is the “bundle of his” controlled?
- ventricular depolarization & contraction
- depolarization occurs at the SA node which travel to the internal pathway and into the AV node. once in the AV node the current goes to the purkinje fibers.
define the fallowing:
P wave
QRS wave
ST wave
QT WAVE
P WAVE
- atrial depolarization which causes atrial contraction.
QRS WAVE
- depolarization of myocytes in the ventricles and occurs at the same time as atrial repolarization.
ST WAVE
- time for ventricle to full depolarization
QT WAVE
- time for ventricles to depolarize and repolarize.
list and explain the 3 phases in the cardiac cycle?
- atrial systole: ventricular diastole
- atrial contraction occurs where small amounts of blood are added into relaxed ventricles. - ventricular systole: artial diastole
- atrial systole ends, atrial diastole begins
- ventricular systole first phase:
ventricular contraction exerts pressure on the blood to close AV valves but not enough to open the semilunar valves.
- ventricular systole second phase:
ventricular pressure increases and puts pressure on the arteries, the semilunar valve opens and blood is ejected. - atrial diastole: ventricular diastole
- ventricular diastole early
ventricles relax, pressure drops, blood flows back against the cusps of the semilunar valves forcing them closed. blood flows into the relaxed atria.
- ventricular diastole late
all chambers are relaxed, ventricles fill passively.
what is
ICP
VFP
VEP
IRP
ICP= increased pressure due to contraction of the ventricles but volume is not changed, and valves are closed
VFP= blood enters the ventricle through the A-V valve that is open. volume increases but pressure does not change.
VEP= pressure continues to increase then it decreases as contrition continues. blood is ejected through the ventricles through the open aortic valve.
IRP= pressure decreases as the ventricles relax but volume remains the same bc the valves are closed.
- how do MAP and blood pressure work together?
- what does Q measure?
- what does TRP?
MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE
1. this is how much blood flow is coming out of the heart, which is driving the force of blood flow.
- MAP fallows the same line as systolic blood pressure where it increases and then plateau.
- the weighted average arterial pressure during a single cardiac cycle.
- function of cardiac output, volume, and frequency.
stroke volume X cardiac output= blood volume ejected in 1 beat. - total peripheral resistance.
these are all factors the influence resistance, and what is opposing blood flow.
vasodilation, vasoconstriction, and narrowing of arteries is what opposes blood flow.
critical perfusion of BP is regulated by what?
- heart (Q measurement)
- kidneys (blood volume)
- blood vessel tone (vasoconstriction & dilation)
- aortic & carotid baroreceptors (input to nervous sympathetic)
what is pulse pressure?
- the change in blood pressure during contraction of the heart.
SBP-DBP=PP - pulse pressure is the difference between systolic blood pressure minus (-) diastolic blood pressure equals pulse pressure.
how would SBP respond during aerobic exercise?
- there would be a increase of SBP due to a increase in Q, which is required to support exercising muscles.
- SBP increase
- Q INCREASE
- TRP decrease
how would DBP respond during aerobic exercise?
- equal or a slight decrease in healthy or trained individuals.
- vasodilation will increase the number of open arterioles, which will decrease TRP.
- DBP will equal or decrease blood pressure
- Q will have stay the same.
- TRP decrease BP
