Glycolysis and TCA Cycle

Question 1

Only GLUT____ is responsive to insulin; expressed in muscle and fat cells

Answer 1

Glut 4

“tHERE ARE 4 limbs of muscle and fat”

Question 2

Complexes ___ and ___ in the ETC have Iron

Answer 2

• One
• Three

Question 3

How many hydrogen ions are formed from complex II?

Answer 3

None; just goes straight to Ubiquinone Co Q/ Q10

Question 4

G3P-Dehydrogenase and FADH2 , as well as Fatty Acyl-CoA Dehydrongenase feed their electrons straight to ______, which is known as Bypass Rxns

Answer 4

Co-Q

Question 5

MELAS stands for

Answer 5

• Mitochondrial
• Encephalmyopathy
• Lactic
• Acidosis
• Stroke-like episodes

Question 6

Succinate Dehydrogenase is part of which ETC complex?

Answer 6

Complex II

Question 7

Amytal and Rotenone inhibit Complex _____

Answer 7

I

Question 8

CO and CN inhibit Complex _____

Answer 8

IV

Question 9

Antimycin binds to complex ______ and binds tightly to Cyt B in the reduced state. All preceding complexes get reduced as well; whereas all complexes ahead stay oxidized.

Answer 9

III,

Question 10

To treat Cyanide poisoning NO2 is given to ____ Iron in Hemoglobin to create _____, which CN is attracted to.

Answer 10

Fe3+, Methemoglobin

Question 11

2,4 Dinitrophenol and high dose aspirin are examples of ______, which cause over-heating

Answer 11

Uncouplers

Question 12

Uncouplers such as DNP still allow oxygen consumption, but _____ will not be produced.

Answer 12

ATP

Question 13

The Malate Aspartate shuttle starts with Oxaloacetate in the cytosol and scoops electrons to become _____; which then drops off those electrons into the inner matrix to make NADH

Answer 13

Malate

Question 14

How much energy does Malate-Aspartate shuttle cost?

Answer 14

No energy; slow, but free!

Question 15

The G3P shuttle starts wtih Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate and gets reduced by _____ in order to make G3P. Afterwards, Mitochondrial G3p Dehydrogenase Oxidizes G3P to make ______. That’s why less energy is made here.

Answer 15

NADH, FADH2

Question 16

Since it’s so fast and the brain and muscle need energy quickly, they use the ______ Shuttle for Ox-Phos Fuel

Answer 16

G3P

Question 17

The Liver, heart, and kidneys handle a lot of energy and can take their time, so they like to use the __________ shuttle.

Answer 17

Malate-Aspartate

Question 18

1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate going to 3-Phosphoglycerate and Phosphoenol Pyruvate going to Pyruvate are two Notable examples during the payoff phase of glycolysis of _____.

Answer 18

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

Question 19

After Fruc 1,6 Bis become Glyceraldehyde 3P, it needs ______ to drop its hydrogen onto! Lactate dehydrogenase makes it!

Answer 19

NAD+

Question 20

Hexokinase needs to be active even in low blood glucose, that’s why its Km is _____

Answer 20

low

Question 21

What is the negative feedback of Hexokinase?

Answer 21

Glucose-6-Phosphate

Question 22

What is the negative feedback of Glucokinase?

Answer 22

GKRP, through buildup of F6P

Question 23

Glucokinase Regulatory Protein (GKRP) is attached to Glucokinase when F6P levels are _____.

Answer 23

High

Question 24

Fructose-1-P promotes Glucokinase by releasing it from ______

Answer 24

GKRP

Question 25

_____ and _____ show that there’s a lot of energy and so PFK-1 gets inhibited since we don’t need to do glycolysis.

Answer 25

• ATP
• Citrate

Question 26

_____ and _________ are Allosteric activators of PFK-1 that prove we need energy from glycolysis.

Answer 26

AMP, Fruc-2,6-bis-P

Question 27

PFK-2 makes F6P into ________, which is a potent PFK-1 Allosteric Activator. Insulin activates it via dephos.

Answer 27

Fructose 2,6-Bisphosphate;

Question 28

PFK-2 is one part of a bifunctional enzyme, where _________ is the other part

Answer 28

FBPase-2

Question 29

When it comes to phosphorylation, Insuiln tends to ______ whereas Glucagon tends to ______

Answer 29

Dephosphorylate, Phosphorylate

Question 30

During _____ ___ Deficiency, hemolytic anemia occurs, burr cells appear, and 2,3 BPG goes up

Answer 30

Pyruvate Kinase

Question 31

Fluoride inhibits Enolase, which is needed to make ______, which is the immediate precursor to pyruvate.

Answer 31

Phosphoenolpyruvate