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Biochemistry > Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis > Flashcards

Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Glycolysis derived from the Greek
stem glyk- , meaning?

A

sweet

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2
Q

Glycolysis derived from the Greek word lysis, meaning?

A

dissolution

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3
Q

There are two types of glycolysis:

A

aerobic glycolysis and anaerobic

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4
Q

which require oxygen

A

aerobic glycolysis

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5
Q

which doesn’t require oxygen

A

anaerobic

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6
Q

is at the hub of carbohydrate metabolism because virtually all sugars can ultimately be converted into glucose.

A

Glycolysis

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7
Q

Two Phases of Glycolysis:

A
  1. Preparatory phase
  2. Payoff phase
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8
Q

The process of glycolysis involves breaking down six-carbon glucose into two three carbon pyruvate molecules in 10 steps, with the first 5 being the preparatory phase.

A

Preparatory phase

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9
Q

is used during the preparation phase of glycolysis to increase the free energy content of the intermediates and transform the
carbon chains of all metabolized hexoses into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

A

ATP

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10
Q

phase of glycolysis is when the energy gain occurs.

A

Payoff phase

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11
Q

In the first step of glycolysis, glucose is activated for subsequent reactions by its phosphorylation at C-6 to
yield glucose 6-phosphate, with ATP as the phosphoryl donor.

A

Phosphorylation of Glucose

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12
Q

catalyzes the reversible isomerization of glucose 6-phosphate, an aldose, to fructose 6-phosphate, a ketose.

A

phosphoglucose isomerase

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13
Q

catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to fructose 6-phosphate to yield fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.

A

phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)

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14
Q

The enzyme fructose 1,6- bisphosphate aldolase, often called simply?

A

aldolase

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15
Q

catalyzes a reverse aldol
condensation.

A

aldolase

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16
Q

is cleaved to yield two different triose phosphates

A

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

17
Q

Fructose 1,6- bisphosphate is cleaved to yield two different triose phosphates, namely:

A
  1. glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate
    (an aldose)
  2. dihydroxyacetone phosphate
    (a ketose)
18
Q

can be directly degraded in the subsequent steps of glycolysis.

A

glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate

19
Q

is immediately and reversibly converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by the fifth enzyme of the glycolytic sequence, triose
phosphate isomerase.

A

dihydroxyacetone phosphate

20
Q

dihydroxyacetone phosphate, is immediately and reversibly converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by the fifth enzyme of the glycolytic sequence?

A

triose phosphate isomerase.

21
Q

First step in the payoff phase is the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to?

A

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

22
Q

first step in the payoff phase is the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, catalyzed by?

A

glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate dehydrogenase.

23
Q

The enzyme? transfers the highenergy phosphoryl group from the carboxyl group of 1,3- bisphosphoglycerate to ADP , forming ATP and 3- phosphoglycerate.

A

phosphoglycerate kinase

24
Q

The enzyme ? catalyzes a reversible shift of the phosphoryl group between C-2 and C-3 of glycerate; Mg2+ is essential for this reaction.

A

phosphoglycerate mutase

25
Q

promotes reversible removal of a molecule of water from 2-phosphoglycerate to yield
phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).

A

enolase

26
Q

The last step in glycolysis is the transfer of the phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP , catalyzed by?

A

pyruvate kinase

27
Q

is a near-universal pathway by which a glucose molecule is oxidized

A

Glycolysis

28
Q

is the process of glucose and glycogen biosynthesis from noncarbohydrate sources.

A

Gluconeogenesis

29
Q

The important
precursors of glucose in animals are three-carbon compounds such as?

A

lactate, pyruvate, and glycerol as well as certain amino acids

30
Q

A versatile biological molecule that consists of three carbon atoms and two functional groups - a
carboxylate and a ketone group.

A

Pyruvate

31
Q

a versatile biological molecule that consists of three carbon atoms and two functional groups

A
  1. carboxylate
  2. ketone group
32
Q

is a product of anaerobic glycolysis.

A

Lactate

33
Q

comes from adipose tissue lipolysis.

A

Glycerol

34
Q

serve as substrates for endogenous glucose production (gluconeogenesis) in the liver.

A

Amino Acids

35
Q

starts from simple organic compounds of two or three carbons, such as?

A

acetate, lactate, and propionate

36
Q

is converted to PEP or phosphoenolpyruvate via oxaloacetate in two steps
catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase (which uses ATP) and PEP carboxylkinase (which uses GTP).

A

pyruvate

37
Q

removes a phosphate group from fructose 1,6- bisphosphate, producing fructose 6-phosphate. In the third bypass, glucose 6-phosphatase converts glucose 6- phosphate to glucose.

A

FBPase-1

Biochemistry (10 decks)

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