ENERGY AND METABOLISM Flashcards
Two types of metabolic processes in our bodies:
- Catabolism
- Anabolism
is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones. Energy is generally released during catabolism.
Catabolism
is the synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones. Energy is generally absorbed during anabolism.
Anabolism
The oxidation of glucose (C6H12O6) to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H₂O) is an example of?
catabolism
the synthesis of a protein from component amino acids is an example of?
anabolism
An organized series of consecutive reactions that converts a starting material to a final product is called a?
metabolic pathway
Is a sequence of chemical reactions that begins with a starting molecule and ends with a product.
metabolic pathway
Catabolism breaks down?
carbohydrates
The cytoplasm, the region of the cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus, contains various specialized structures called?
organelles
are small sausage-shaped organelles in which energy production takes place.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria contain an?
outer membrane and an inner membrane
The area between these two membranes is called the?
Intermembrane space
the area surrounded by the Intermembrane of the mitochondria.
matrix
The catabolism of food begins with?
digestion
is catalyzed by enzymes in the saliva, stomach, and small intestines
Digestion
Monosaccharides, amino acids, and fatty acids are degraded into?
acetyl groups (CH3CO)
The citric acid cycle is based in the?
mitochondria
In this biochemical cycle, the acetyl groups of acetyl CoA are oxidized to?
carbon dioxide
Within the mitochondria, the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation produce?
ATP–adenosine 5’-triphosphate
the primary energy-carrying molecule in metabolic pathways.
ATP–adenosine 5’-triphosphate
is the capacity to cause change
Energy
is energy associated with motion
Kinetic energy
is kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules
Heat (thermal energy)
is energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure
Potential energy
is potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction
Chemical energy
is the study of energy transformations
Thermodynamics
are open systems
Organisms
According to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy of the universe is?
constant
can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed
Energy
The first law of thermodynamics
is also called the?
principle of conservation of energy
During every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable, and is often lost as heat
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the?
entropy (disorder)
is a measure of disorder, or randomness
Entropy
is a measure of a system’s instability, its tendency to change to a more stable state
Free energy
is a state of maximum stability
Equilibrium
A process is spontaneous and can perform work only when it is moving toward?
equilibrium
Cells are not?; they are open systems experiencing a constant flow of materials
equilibrium
is a nucleoside triphosphate formed adding three phosphates to the 5’-OH group of adenosine, a nucleoside compose of the sugar ribose and the base adenine
ATP, adenosine 5’-triphosphate
is a nucleoside diphosphate formed by adding two phosphates to the 5’-OH group of adenosine.
ADP, adenosine 5’-diphosphate
The three types of cellular work:
mechanical, transport, and chemical
are powered by the hydrolysis of ATP.
mechanical, transport, and chemical
In the cell, the energy from the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis can be used to drive an?
endergonic reaction
ATP drives endergonic reactions by?
phosphorylation
transferring a phosphate group to some other molecule, such as a reactant. The recipient molecule is now called a?
phosphorylated intermediate
