Fatty Acid Metabolism Flashcards
are building blocks of phospholipids and glycolipids.
Fatty acids
They are important
components of the biological membrane and are amphipathic molecules.
Fatty acids
Fatty acids are considered as fuel
molecules in the form of?
triacylglycerols
triacylglycerols is an esterified fatty acid along with glycerol which is
stored in?
adipose cells
are organic molecules consisting of a long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end
Fatty acids
Fatty acids are organic molecules consisting of a long hydrocarbon chain with a? At one end
carboxyl group
are the building blocks of fat in our bodies and the food we consume
Fatty acids
During
digestion, the body converts fats into fatty acids, which are then absorbed into the?
bloodstream
Fatty acid molecules are typically joined in groups of three to form a molecule known as?
triglyceride
The fatty acid is saturated if their are?
No double bond
the fatty acid is polyunsaturated if?
there are two or more double bonds,
the fatty acid is monounsaturated if?
There is one double bond
If there are no double bonds in the carbon chain of fatty acid?
it is saturated.
If there are one or more double bonds in the carbon chain?
it is unsaturated
Short-chain fatty acids:
up to 6 carbon atoms
Medium-chain fatty acids:
8 to 12 carbon atoms
Long-chain fatty acids:
14 to 18 carbon atoms
Very long-chain fatty acids:
20 carbon atoms and up
They have hydroxyl, keto, and epoxy groups; ricinoleic acid, the
main fatty acid in castor oil, is an example.
Oxygenated fatty acids
They have a cyclic unit with three, five, or even six carbon atoms, similar
to prostaglandins.
Cyclic fatty acids
Fatty acid composition affects membrane fluidity and permeability,
impacting cellular processes and protein function.
Membrane Function
Fatty acids are stored as?
triglycerides
Fatty acids and their derivatives regulate physiological processes,
including inflammation and gene expression, by acting as?
signaling molecules
modulate metabolic pathways directly and indirectly,
affecting insulin sensitivity and energy balance.
Fatty acids
serve as precursors for steroid hormone synthesis,
influencing metabolic, immune, and reproductive functions.
Fatty acids
is the metabolic process that produces fatty acids from excess carbohydrates.
De Novo Lipogenesis
The primary site of the de novo synthesis of fatty acids is at the?
cytosol
In the human body, this pathway of de novo synthesis is primarily active in?
liver and adipose tissue
The first and foremost controlling step involved in fatty acid biosynthesis is the production of?
malonyl-CoA
is a series of chemical reactions that moves citrate out of the mitochondria and into the cytoplasm for fatty acid synthesis.
citrate shuttle
is carboxylated to malonyl-CoA in the presence of ATP
acetyl-CoA
enzyme complex produces fatty acids
following the synthesis of malonyl-CoA. This multienzyme polypeptide
complex, which includes the acyl carrier protein (ACP), links the individual enzymes necessary for fatty acid synthesis
The fatty acid synthase (FAS)
The multienzyme complex includes 4′-phosphopantetheine, a form of the?
vitamin pantothenic acid
contains a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid called palmitic acid
Palmitate
which is the most common fatty acid found in palm oil
palmitic acid
is a key hormone that stimulates fatty acid synthesis by promoting the transcription and activation of enzymes involved in lipogenesis, such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS).
Insulin
inhibits lipogenesis by suppressing the activity of ACC and FAS.
Glucagon
is a hormone that inhibits lipogenesis by reducing insulin secretion and activating hormone-sensitive lipase. The hormones promote the breakdown of triglycerides to release fatty acids for energy.
Epinephrine
have a crucial role in regulating fatty acid synthesis by modulating enzyme activity, hormone secretion, and metabolic pathways.
Nutritional factors
serves as a precursor for fatty acid synthesis
acetyl-CoA
is significant for assembly and packaging of lipids into
membrane structures and lipid droplets.
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Lipids synthesized in the ER are further processed, modified, and packaged in the organelle before being transported to their final destinations.
Golgi apparatus
Fatty acid oxidation, also known as?
beta-oxidation
is a crucial metabolic process where fatty acids are broken down to produce energy. The process is named after the oxidation of the beta
carbon in the fatty acid to a carbonyl group.
Fatty acid oxidation
their production becomes more significant during fasting when peripheral tissues require additional energy
ketone bodies
allows fatty acids to move across membranes down their
concentration gradient, driven by the differences in concentration between the extracellular and intracellular environments
Passive diffusion
involves the assistance of membrane-bound proteins such as fatty acid transport proteins (FATPs) and fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36), which enhance the rate of fatty acid transport across the membrane
Facilitated diffusion
play a crucial role in intracellular fatty acid trafficking and metabolism
fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs)
the main cell type in the liver
hepatocytes
In adipose tissue, triglycerides are synthesized and stored in specialized cells called?
adipocytes
is a powerful analytical technique used to separate and identify different fatty acids in a sample. It allows for the quantification of fatty acids and their metabolites in biological samples.
Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)
is another technique used to separate and analyze fatty acids. It involves vaporizing the fatty acids and passing them through a column to separate them based on their physical properties.
Gas Chromatography (GC)
involves introducing isotopically labeled fatty acids into the study subjects or samples. This technique allows for the tracking of fatty acid metabolism and turnover rates.
Stable isotope labeling
