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Biochemistry > Glycolysis > Flashcards

Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

Glucose is a large _____ molecule.

A

Polar

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2
Q

Na+ _____ facilitated transport of glucose through a cell membrane.

A

Independent

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3
Q

Which of the GLUT transporters is insulin regulatable?

A

GLUT-4

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4
Q

GLUT 1 major site of expression is?

A

RBC’s and BBB

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5
Q

GLUT 2 major site of expression is?

A

Liver and kidney

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6
Q

GLUT 3 major site of expression is?

A

Brain neurons (Epilepsy if not present)

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7
Q

GLUT 4 major site of expression is?

A

Adipocytes, and skeletal muscle

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8
Q

GLUT 5 major site of expression is?

A

Primary transport for fructose in small intestine

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9
Q

GLUT 7 major site of expression is?

A

Smooth ER of hepatocytes

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10
Q

What stages of the glycolysis cycle is known as ‘energy investment stage’?

A

Stage 1 and 2

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11
Q

How many times does stage 3 of glycolysis happen?

A

2 times

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12
Q

Stage 3 of glycolysis is also known as what stage?

A

Energy generation stage

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13
Q

Glycolysis is _____level phosphorylation

A

Substrate

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14
Q

Which enzyme in glycolysis utilizes the first ATP?

A

Hexokinase

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15
Q

What is the cofactor for all kinases?

A

Mg2+

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16
Q

Mg2+ functions to shield the _____ charged oxygens of ATP

A

Negatively

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17
Q

What steps are irreversible?

A

All RL steps (3)

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18
Q

Glucokinase is the predominat enzyme for gluce in the _____.

A

Liver

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19
Q

When do we use glucokinase?

A

During hyperglycemia

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20
Q

Hexokinase has a ___ Km and a ___ Vmax for glucose.

A

Low, Low

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21
Q

Glucokinase has a ___ Km and a ___ Vmax for glucose.

A

High, High

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22
Q

What are the 3 RL steps?

A

Hexokinase, Phosphofructokinase (PFK), and pyruvate kinase

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23
Q

Phosphoglucose isomerase is the isomerization of an ___ to a ___

A

Aldose(Glucose-6-phos) to a ketose (fructose-6-phos)

24
Q

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate has how many carbons?

25
Q

How many carbons does DHAP and GAP have each?

26
Q

Triose phosphate ismerase converts into GAP or DHAP is dictated by what?

A

Law of Mass Action

27
Q

The first ATP generation is by _____.

A

Phosphoglycerate kinase

28
Q

In red blood cells a detour from glycolysis occurs where 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate is generated by the enzyme _____.

A

Bisphosphoglycerate mutase

29
Q

2,3-bisphosphoglycerate is a ___ inhibitor of 3-phosphoglycerate?

A

Competitive (Place holder for oxygen when in high altitude)

30
Q

2,3-bisphosphoglycerate is an important regulator of the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin whre it works by _____ hemoblobin’s binding affinity to oxygen.

A

Decreasing

31
Q

Phosphoglycerate mutase generates a ___ phosphoryl compound for use in ATP synthesis.

A

High-energy

32
Q

What is the second “high-energy” intermediate formation?

33
Q

What is the second ATP generation?

A

Pyruvate kinase

34
Q

All kinase’s cofactor is?

35
Q

Which enzyme defect is responsible of most genetic defects?

A

Pyruvate kinase deficiency

36
Q

The second most common cause of enzyme deficiency-related hemolytic anemia is?

A

Glucose 6-hosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, only second to pytuvate kinase.

37
Q

What is the overall reaction of Aerobic glycolysis?

A

2ATP, 2NADH, 2 pyruvate

38
Q

What is the overall reaction of Anaerobic glycolysis?

A

2ATP, 2 Lactate (Made by 2 NADH and 2 Pyruvate)

39
Q

In anaerobic glycolysis the NADH is consumed and is the reducing agent for the enzyme_____.

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

40
Q

Lactate is being ___?

41
Q

What are the 1st fate of pyruvate?

A

Reduction of pyruvate to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase. (Important for RBC’s and skeletal muscle during intense exercise)

42
Q

What are the 2nd fate of pyruvate?

A

Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate by pyruvate dehydrogenase (souce of acetyle CoA for TCA and fatty acid synthesis. Inhibited by acetyle CoA. In mitochondria)

43
Q

What are the 3rd fate of pyruvate?

A

Carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase. (Provides substates for gluconeogenesis, replenishes intermediates of TCA cycle. Activated by acetyle CoA. Irreversible reaction in mitochondria)

44
Q

What is the most gluconeogenic AA?

45
Q

The “true” 4th alternate fate for pyruvate is_____.

A

Transamination to alanine through alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

46
Q

Fructose is found in_____.

47
Q

Galactose is found in _____.

48
Q

Mannose is obtained from the digestion of _____ and _____.

A

Polysaccharides and glycoproteins

49
Q

Hexokinase has a ___Km for fructose

50
Q

Fructokinase has a ___Km for fructose

51
Q

Galactose and glucose are ___ epimers

52
Q

Mannose and glucose are ___ epimers

53
Q

Galactose enters glycolysis by converting to?

54
Q

Fructose enters glycolysis by converting to?

A

F-6P (Muscle)

55
Q

What are all the ways can fructose enter glycolysis?

A

F-6P, DHAP or GAP (Liver)

56
Q

In muscle, fructose uses what enzyme?

A

Hexokinase

57
Q

In liver, fructose uses what enzyme?

A

Fructokinase

Biochemistry (10 decks)

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