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Biochem 2 > Glycolysis > Flashcards

Glycolysis Flashcards

exam 2

1
Q

If glucose enters cells by facilitated diffusion, it will leave the same way, so how do you keep it there?

A

phosphorylation

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2
Q

What term describes sets of enzymes that have different amino acid sequences but catalyze the same reaction?

A

isoenzymes

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3
Q 
Glucokinase
	A. has a Km lower than the normal blood glucose 	concentration.
	B. has glucose-6—phosphatase activity.
	C. is found in muscle.
	D. is inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate.
	E. none of the above.
A

E. none of the above.

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4
Q

Red cells have lactate dehydrogenase primarily so that

A

they can regenerate NAD+ to keep glycolysis going

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5
Q

when liver PFK 2 is targeted by insulin, it will

A

become a fructose- 2,6- BP synthetase

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6
Q

Glucose is broken down via ______ for energy

A

glycolysis

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7
Q

Glycolysis overview

A

breakdown of glucose to pyruvate under aerobic condition

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8
Q

under anaerobic conditions, Glycolysis

A

produces lactate

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9
Q

glucose enters the cell via

A

facilitated diffusion

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10
Q

How is glucose kept in the cell?

A

phosphorylation

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11
Q

addition of phosphate makes glucose

A

charged

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12
Q

kinase that is specific for glucose

A

glucokinase

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13
Q

kinase that can phosphorylate glucose and other hexes

A

hexokinase

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14
Q

hexokinase is inhibited by

A

its product, G6P

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15
Q

glucokinase is not inhibited by G6P products which allows

A

liver to act as a glucose dump

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16
Q

glucokinase has a ___ km which means

A

high Km which means it has low affinity ofr glucose thus it is hard to get saturated and can bind to glucose of of the blood

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17
Q

Hexokinase has a ____ km which means

A

low km, which means that it has high affinity for glucose

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18
Q

not associated with obesity or high lipid levels; patients still make insulin

A

Type II Diabetes

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19
Q

MODY is associated with

A

mutation in Glucokinase gene

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20
Q

what happens to MODy in the liver

A

it cannot binds properly bind to glucose

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21
Q

MODY is also associated with genes for transcription factors that

A

promote insulin release

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22
Q

Because Mutant Glucokinase cannot take up glucose to metabolize leading to

A

reduced glycolysis leading to lower insulin release

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23
Q

ATP causes closing of ______ channel leading to _________ via rush of ______ which leads to depolarization and _____ release

A

ATP causes closing of K+ channel leading to depolarization via rush of calcium which leads to depolarization and insulin release

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24
Q

Glucose is brought into _________ via Glucokinase and undergoes _____ to create ATP

A

Glucose is brought into Beta-pancreatic cells via glucokinase and undergoes glycolysis to create ATP

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25
_____ is very important in RBCs
Glycolysis
26
Why doe RBCs depend on glycolysis for ATP production
lack of mitochondria
27
glycolysis provides muscle
energy for exercise
28
initial exercise uses the ________ glycolysis
anaerobic
29
as you continue to exercise, you switch to the _______ energy system as the tissue oxygenates, which still uses glycolysis but adds the ________
As you continue to exercise, you switch to the aerobic energy system as the tissue oxygenates, which still uses glycolysis but adds the TCA cycle
30
_____ or _______, glycolysis produces energy in the form of ATP
Aerobically or anaerobically
31
glycolysis occurs in the
cytoplasm
32
Glucose is phosphorylated to ______ by ______ then converted to _________
Glucose is phosphorylated to G6P by hexokinase/glucokinase, then converted to F6P
33
F6P is ________ to make ______ which is broken down to _____ and ______, which can be interconverted
F6P is phosphorylated to make F-1,6-bisP which is broken down to G3P and DHAP, which can be interconverted
34
what happens in the first phases of glycolysis?
2 ATP are used to generate 2 phosphorylated 3 carbon intermediate
35
what must be made to generate ATP?
high energy phosphate
36
which enzyme shows negative cooperativity?
Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
37
what do you need to keep glycolysis going?
NAD+
38
enzyme resists the loss of ____ that occurs when glycolysis is proceeding at a _____ rate as in _______ muscle
Enzyme resists the loss of NAD+ that occurs when glycolysis is proceeding at a high rate as in anaerobic muscle
39
reversibly accepts 2e- and 1H+ from the subtrate
NAD+
40
Rxn of NAD+--->NADH is a
redox rxn, beucase NAD+ is reduced and the substrate is oxidized
41
cells are set up to have a ____________ as it wants to have a ready supply of _______ for biological oxidation
cells is set up to have a high NAD+/NADH ratio as it wants to have a ready supply of NAD+ for biological oxidation
42
Niacin is derived from
vitamin B3 and synthesized also from tryptohan
43
deficient in niacin leads to
Pellagra
44
Pellagra D3 involves
dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia
45
D4 of pellagra?
die
46
action of enolase and results in
creates double bond adjacent to phosphate making high energy phosphoenolpyruvate
47
Pyruvate kinase generate
ATP and turns PEP into pyruvate
48
1,3 BPG generates
2 molecules of ATP
49
Net yield of ATP in glycolysis
2 ATP; 2 consumed and 4 made
50
lactate DH regenerates
NAD+
51
what happens if you run out of NAD+ during anaerobic conditions?
Cannot use ETC or TCA to regenerate NAD+
52
creates some important metabolites for other pathways
glycolysis
53
three regulated enzymes in glycolysis
hexokinase, pFK 1, pyruvate kinase
54
Hexokinase is inhibited by
product
55
what is the key regulated step in glycolysis
PFK1
56
PFK 1 inhibitor
ATP
57
PFK1 promoter
AMP
58
Allosteric inhibitor of PFK1
citrate
59
PFK1 is strongly affected by
positive regulator F-2,6-BP
60
Pyruvate kinase has feedforward regulation by
F-1,6-BP
61
Pyruvate kinase is inhibited by
phosphorylation and alanine
62
enzyme that controls F-2,6-BP levels
PFK2
63
PFK2 activates
PFK1 and glycolysis by making F-2,6-BP
64
PFK2 is inhibited by and what happens?
inhibited by glucagon, leading to its phosphorylation and degrading F-2,6-BP which reduces activity of PFK2 and glycolysis
65
Insulin activity to PFK2
drives the dephosphorylation of PFK2 and stimulates synthesis of F-2,6-BP which stimulates PFK1 and glycolysis
66
insulin action towards rate of glycolysis
increases
67
2-F-deoxyglucose targets
hexokinase
68
2-F-deoxyglucose is a
competitive inhibitor of hexokinase rxn.
69
2-F-deoxyglucose can be used
in PET imaging to find metastasis
70
targets glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate DH
arsenate
71
targets enolase
fluoride
72
glycogen storage disease
Tauri's dx
73
Pyruvate kinase has 4 isozymes
M1, M2, L and R
74
R-Pyruvate kinase is found only in
red blood cells
75
Tauris tx
high protein diet
76
Glycolytic anemia
faulty R-pyruvate kinase
77
muscle has _____ PFK isozyme while RBC's have _____ isozyme
muscle has 1 and RBC's has 3

Biochem 2 (14 decks)

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