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Biochem 2 > Carbohydrate conjugation > Flashcards

Carbohydrate conjugation Flashcards

exam 2

1
Q

hexose

A

glucose

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2
Q

pentose

A

ribose

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3
Q

carbohydrates as aldehydes

A

glucose

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4
Q

ketones

A

fructose

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5
Q

what do glucose, galactose and mannose have in common?

A

they are steroisomers

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6
Q

anomeric carbon

A

carbon where you could connect other molecules together

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7
Q

alpha-glycosidic bond

A

pointed down or below the plane

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8
Q

beta- glycosidic bond

A

pointed up or above the plane

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9
Q

linkages that our enzymes cannot cleave… found in dental plaque or cellulose

A

Dextrans

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10
Q

Beta-Glactose + Beta-Glucose

A

lactose

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11
Q

Glucose + Glucose

A

maltose

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12
Q

Glucose + Fructose

A

Sucrose

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13
Q

amylose

A

plant starch

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14
Q

Amylopectin

A

plant starch

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15
Q

glycogen

A

human polyglucose

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16
Q

anti coagulant

A

Heparin

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17
Q

General GAG structure

A

long, linear polysaccharides, with repeating disaccharide units, with considerable negative charge (including sulfate)

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18
Q

1-4 alpha linkages leading to a linear shape

A

amylose

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19
Q

1-4 alpha linkages and 1-6 alpha branch linkages

A

glycogen and amylopectin

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20
Q

1-4 beta linkages

A

cellulose

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21
Q

humans lack the enzymes needed to digest 1-4 beta linkages

A

cellulose

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22
Q

for plant rigidity

A

cellulose

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23
Q

what is very important for connective tissues and allows for hydration?

A

GAGs

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24
Q

found in bone cartilage, cornea formation

A

chondrotin sulfate

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25
Q

found in intracellular fluid in synovial joints and in vitreous fluid of eye

A

hyaluronic acid

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26
Q

cornea connective tissue

A

keratan sulfate

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27
Q

binds to LDL to plasma walls

A

dermatan sulfate

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28
Q

aortic wall, basement membrane

A

heparan sulfate

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29
Q

what are rich in the nervous system?

A

gangliosides

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30
Q

example of a sugar that can be conjugated to lipids

A

gangliosides

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31
Q

galngliosides are used

A

in glycoprotein hormone receptors

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32
Q

Glucuronic conjugation to small molecules enhances

A

their solubility

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33
Q

non-enzymatic glycosilation of proteins

A

glycation

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34
Q

formation of hemoglobin A1c occurs by

A

glycation: simple rxn. of protein side chains and carbohydrate
- no cofactor needed

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35
Q

occurs to add carbohydrate to other carbohydrates, to proteins or to lipids

A

Enzymatic glycosylation

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36
Q

enzymatic conjugation requires _____ ______ of sugar that is accomplished by formation of _____ _____

A

enzymatic conjugation requires prior activation of sugar that is accomplished by formation of sugar nucleotides

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37
Q

enzymatic formation of polysaccharides occurs

A

one sugar at a time using an enzyme of the correct specificity and the appropriate substrate

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38
Q

Glucuronic Acid is activates w/UDP and is added to

A

non-soluble molecules like lipids and drugs to make them more soluble

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39
Q

Glucuronic acid is added to bilirubin to make bilirubin

A

soluble

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40
Q

Glucuronic Acid conjugation needs

A

UDP-Glucuronysltransferase (UGT)

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41
Q

occurs when low UGT activity leads to high bilirubin levels

A

Gilbert’s syndrome

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42
Q

what causes Gilbert’s syndrome?

A

UGT activity is low or it is inherited with a heterozygous condition

43
Q

associated with aging

A

ketoamines

44
Q

provides a history of glucose levels

A

HbA1C

45
Q

rxn initially forms schiff base then rearranges to ketoamine

A

glycation

46
Q

Perlecan is an example of a proteoglycan. Which of the following statements about the glycosaminoglycans that are found in proteoglycans is true:

A. They are positively charged.

B. They contain repeating disaccharides.

C. They have branched high mannose  	structures.

D. They have short oligosaccharide chains.

E. They rarely contain sulfate.
A

B. They contain repeating disaccharides.

47
Q

Glycosylation is for

A

secreted proteins or extracellular domains

48
Q

What is so special of O-linked N-Acetylglusocamine?

A

can be added to proteins not being secreted or extracellular

49
Q

Can be O-linked or N-linked

A

Glycosylation

50
Q

O-linked anomeric carbon

A

serine and threonin

51
Q

N-linked anomeric carbon

A

Asparagine

52
Q

Glycosylation that is done sequentially (one-step at a time) in the GOLGI, along with trimming and modification

A

O-linked

53
Q

O- linked Glycosylation is done

A

post-translationally

54
Q

the precise sequence of the carbohydrate chain depends on enzyme specificity for (2)

A

(1) a given sugar nucleotide

(2) a given acceptor of the sugar

55
Q

glycosylation that can add sugar residues of around 14 at once

A

N-linked glycosylation

56
Q

N-linked Glycosylation occurs in the

A

membrane of the ER, on Dolichol Phosphate (lipid molecule0

57
Q

N-linked Glycosylation occurs

A

co-translationally or shortly after

58
Q

sugar block used in N-linked glycosylation is first made on the _______ then transferred to protein in _____

A

first made on Dolichol phosphate and then transferred to the ER

59
Q

Congenital disease of Glycosylation

A

can be both O/N- linked

- presents with varied symptoms

60
Q

contains many enzymes that degrade glycoprotein/polysaccharide sugars

A

lysosome

61
Q

lysosomal storage diseases

A

mucopolysaccharidoses

62
Q

serious diseases that are generally characterized by cellular inclusions

A

lysosomal storage diseases

63
Q

lysosomal storage diseases are caused b

A

enzyme defects

64
Q

lysosomal storage diseases of a single enzyme

A

Pompe

65
Q

lysosomal storage diseases of multienzyme

A

I-cell disease

66
Q

When carbohydrates covalently attach to proteins without the intervention of enzymes or any need for cofactor, the process is called ??

A

glycation

67
Q

A three month old child has muscle hypotonia and feeding problems. There is also hepatomegaly and cardiomegaly. Muscle biopsy shows accumulation of polysaccharride in the lysosomes. Which enzyme is deficient?

A. Glucose 6-phosphatase

B. Glycogen phosphorylase

C. Acidic alpha-glucosidase

D. Galactokinase 

E. Branching enzyme
A

C. Acidic alpha-glucosidase

68
Q

in molecular recognition

A

glycosylation

69
Q

iduronate sulfatase

A

hunter

70
Q

alpha-L-Iduronidase

A

Hurler + Sheie A

71
Q

Acid alpha glucosidase

A

Pompe

72
Q

Beta-Glucuronidase

A

Mucolipidosis VII

73
Q

lysosomes have _______ (cleave in middle) and ________ (cleave from end)

A

endoglycosidases and exoglycosidases

74
Q

polysaccharide breakdown is a

A

stepwise process

75
Q

principle component of mucus that line and protect epithelial surfaces

A

mucins

76
Q

Mucin are _____ glycoproteins

A

O-linked

77
Q

Proteoglycans are core proteins _______ with many chondroitin sulfate or keratin sulfate repeats

A

O-linked

78
Q

named because of their high (up to 90%) sugar content

A

proteoglycans

79
Q

proteoglycans are

A

part of the matrix that makes up tissue structure and are found places like cartilage, dentin or predentin

80
Q

hydrates, provide cushoning and can bind to growth factors and chemokines and cytokines

A

proteoglycans

81
Q

Proteoglycans aggregate is formed around

A

Hyaluronic acid

82
Q

perlecan

A

proteoglycan in the basement membrane

83
Q

aggrecan

A

proteoglycan in knee

84
Q

shock absorber

A

aggrecan

85
Q

carbohydrate recognition domains

A

Lectin domains

86
Q

protein sequences that bind sugars with hydrogen bonding

A

Lectin domains

87
Q

Type of blood is dependent on the fact that you have

A

specific sugar sequence at end of carbohydrate chain of glycoprotein

88
Q

Why are type O individuals prone to ulcers?

A

H.Pylori binds structures that resemble type ) sugars in gastric epithelium cells

89
Q

(3) interwoven in the basement membrane

A

(1) Heparan sulfate
(2) collagen
(3) laminin

90
Q

What is the big deal with Glycoproteins?

A

they are on cell-surface and mediate binding to to other cells, antibodies, viruses, bacteria and hormones

91
Q

endothelial interactions with white blood cells are achieved via

A

endothelial cell lectin binding to the oligosaccharide chain

92
Q

occurs when L-selectin ligans binds to L-selectin receptor on neutrophil

A

Rolling adhesion

93
Q

occurs when P-selectin ligand binds to P-selectin receptor

A

activation and entry

94
Q

L-selectin ligans on

A

endothelium

95
Q

P-selectin ligand on

A

neutrophil

96
Q

LAD II is a defect in

A

GDP-Fuctose transporter 1

97
Q

neutrophils ____ and _____ the site of infection

A

activates and enters

98
Q

what happens in LAD II

A

defect in fucosylation of glycoprotein for leukocyte binding

99
Q

who are universal donors but cannot accept from A, B, or O

A

Bombay patients

100
Q

cannot add fucose?

A

then you cannot make A, B, or O sugars which recognize leukocytes

101
Q

normal cells and cancer cells express

A

different glycoproteins on surface

102
Q

CAR-T or Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cells

A

engineered T-cells that recognize glycoproteins on cancer cells

103
Q 
Dissident Georgi Markov died when someone “associated with the Bulgarian secret police” used an umbrella to fire a pellet containing ricin into his leg on a London street.  Ricin is a protein poison that has two domains, one that hydrolyzes ribosomal RNA and one domain that binds cell surface galactosyl residues.  What is the generic name for this latter kind of domain?

	A.  ABC domain
	B.  Lectin domain 
	C.  Leptin domain
	D.  Pocket domain
	E.  SH2 domain
A

B. Lectin domain

Biochem 2 (14 decks)

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