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Biochem 2 > Gluconeogenesis > Flashcards

Gluconeogenesis Flashcards

Exam 2

1
Q

without adequate glucose, there are ______ and ______ effects

A

Adrenergic and neuroglycopenic affects

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2
Q

adrenergic examples

A

autonomic:

  • trembling
  • palpitations
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3
Q

Neuroglycopenic examples

A
  • headache

- confusion

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4
Q

Who produces glucose?

A

Liver

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5
Q

Hepatic vein has a ____ [glucose]

A

high

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6
Q

Portal vein has a _____ [glucose]

A

low

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7
Q

Fanconi-Bickel syndrome

A

Glut2 deficiency

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8
Q

2 sources of glucose in liver

A

(1) Glycogen

(2) Gluconeogenesis

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9
Q

Glycogen sustains blood glucose for a _______ after a meal

A

a few hours

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10
Q

Gluconeogenesis sustains blood glucose for _____ in the absence of carbohydrate intake

A

many days

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11
Q

when does gluconeogenesis becomes a major source of glucose?

A

16 hr after starvation

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12
Q

Gluconegenesis products and synthesis

A

2 Pyruvate + 4ATP + 2GTP + 2NADH +6H20 –> Glucose + 4ADP + 2GDP + 6Pi + 2NAD+ +2H+

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13
Q

enzyme that catalyzes the rxn from pyruvate to OAA

A

Pyruvate carboxylase

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14
Q

enzyme from OAA to Phosphoenolpyruvate and co-factor needed and what is released?

A

PEP carboxykinase with the help of GTP

  • CO2 is released
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15
Q

enzyme from F-1,6 BP to F6P

A

F-1,6-BPase

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16
Q

enzyme from G6P to Glucose

A

G6Phosphatase

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17
Q

where does gluconeogenesis occurs?

A
  • liver 80%

- kidney 20%

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18
Q

Subcellular location:

pyruvate carboxylase

A

mitochondria

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19
Q

Subcellular location:

most rxn

A

cytoplasm

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20
Q

Subcellular location:

glucose-6-phosphatase

A

ER

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21
Q

precursors for Gluconeogenesis (4)

A

(1) pyruvate
(2) lactate
(3) aa
(4) glycerol

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22
Q

Glycerol enters the pathway through

23
Q 
A patient has an infection by a bacterium that produces an endotoxin that blocks phosphoenoloyruvate carboxykinase.  This causes an inhibition of glucose synthesis from:
A. Glycogen
B. Lactate 
C. Glycerol
D. Phosphoenolpyruvate
E. Fatty acids
A

B. Lactate

24
Q

OAA out of the mito.

A
  • malate conversion using NADH
25
pyruvate carboxylase rxn needs what co-factor
Biotin-CO2
26
Hypoglycemia can be caused by a deficiency of each of the following enzymes except ``` A. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. B. Glucose-6-phosphatase. C. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. D. Pyruvate carboxylase. E. Pyruvate dehydrogenase. ```
E. Pyruvate dehydrogenase.
27
A young patient presents with hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly. You suspect a Type I glycogen storage disease. Microsomes (endoplasmic reticulum) have been isolated from the patient and a control. When incubated with radiolabelled 32P-glucose 6 phosphate, the microsomes of the patient do not accumulate isotope, while the normal controls do. Where is the most likely defect? A. Glucose 6-phosphatase activity in the micosomes B. Microsomal glucose transporter C. Microsomal glucose 6-phosphate transporter D. Glucose 6-phosphatase activity in the cytosol E. Microsomal phosphate transporter
B. Microsomal glucose transporter
28
pyruvate carboxylase is inducible by
acetyl-CoA
29
F-1,6-Bpase is induced by
citrate
30
F-1,6-BPase in inhibited by
AMP, Fructose-2,6-BP
31
Glucagon
activates gluconeogenesis
32
which tissue does glucagon does not target?
muscle
33
PFK2 coordinates
GLycolysis and gluconeogenesis
34
liver pyruvate kinase is inhibited by
glucagon and epinephrine
35
Cory Cycle
the glucose transfer between RBC and liver after liver went through gluconeogenesis using lactate
36
Cahill cycle
the glucose transfer between RBC and liver after liver went through gluconeogenesis using alanine
37
production of NADH inhibits
gluconeogenesis
38
Which statement about the Cahill cycle is TRUE? a. All of the reactions occur in the liver. b. Alanine is produced by the skeletal muscle and transported to liver for use as a gluceoneogenic substrate. c. All participating enzymes are located in skeletal muscle. d. Free glucose is produced in the cytosol of skeletal muscle cells and is transported across the cell membrane into blood by a specific glucose transport system. e. It is the metabolic process by which glycogen is synthesized from and degraded to glucose 1-phosphate.
b. Alanine is produced by the skeletal muscle and transported to liver for use as a gluceoneogenic substrate.
39
What happens in Fanconi-bickel syndrome during starvation?
liver cannot put out glucose beucase Glut2 is deficient
40
Glycerol can turned into
DHAP
41
what will determine if the Malate transport is used?
ratio of NADH/NAD+
42
Pyruvate carboxylase consumes for the rxn from pyruvate to OAA
1 ATP
43
coenzyme for pyruvate Carboxylase
Biotin
44
Avadin has high affinity for _____ and can cause deficiency
biotin
45
pyruvate carboxylase consumes ____ for the rxn of OAA to PEP
GTP
46
pyruvate carboxylase is promoted by
acetyl-CoA
47
Fructose-1,6,-BPase is promoted by _______ and inhibited by _______
promoted by citrate and inhibited by AMP and F26BP
48
Hormone regulation: PEP--> glucose
Gluconeogenesis - promoted by glucagon - inhibited by insulin
49
Hormone regulation: OAA---> PEP
Gluconeogenesis - promoted by glucagon - inhibited by insulin
50
Hormone regulation: PEP---> pyruvate
oxidation - promoted by insulin - inhibited by glucagon
51
targets carbohydrates and lipids for catabolism
Glucagon
52
in general _____ causes removal of phosphate on enzyme
insulin
53
in general, _____ causes phosphorylation of enzyme
glucagon
54
alcohol metabolism creates excess _____ which drains _____
Excess NADH which drains OAA

Biochem 2 (14 decks)

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