Glycolysis Flashcards
What is glycolysis?
The metabolic pathway where glucose is broken down into pyruvate or lactate, producing ATP.
Where does glycolysis occur?
In the cytosol of all cells.
Does glycolysis function aerobically or anaerobically?
It functions both aerobically (with oxygen) and anaerobically (without oxygen).
What is the historical name of glycolysis?
The Embden-Meyerhof pathway.
What are the end products of aerobic glycolysis?
Pyruvate, NADH, and ATP.
What are the end products of anaerobic glycolysis?
Lactate and ATP.
What is the role of Hexokinase/Glucokinase in glycolysis?
Converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate (irreversible).
What does Phosphohexose Isomerase do?
Converts glucose-6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate.
What is the function of Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) in glycolysis?
Converts fructose-6-phosphate into fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (irreversible).
What does Aldolase do in the glycolytic pathway?
Splits fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP).
What is produced by Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase?
Oxidizes G3P to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, producing NADH.
What is the role of Phosphoglycerate Kinase?
Converts 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate, generating ATP.
What does Enolase convert 2-phosphoglycerate into?
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).
What is the function of Pyruvate Kinase?
Converts PEP into pyruvate, generating ATP (irreversible).
What is the net gain of ATP from anaerobic glycolysis?
2 ATP per glucose molecule.
How many ATP are generated per glucose in aerobic conditions using the Malate-Aspartate Shuttle?
8 ATP per glucose.
How many ATP are generated per glucose in aerobic conditions using the Glycerophosphate Shuttle?
6 ATP per glucose.
Which enzyme is considered the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis?
Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1).
What activates and inhibits PFK-1?
Activated by AMP and inhibited by ATP.
What regulates Pyruvate Kinase?
Allosteric effectors and covalent modifications.
What is the effect of insulin on glycolytic enzymes?
Induces glycolytic enzymes.
What is the effect of glucagon on glycolytic enzymes?
Represses glycolytic enzymes.
True or False: Fluoride inhibits the enzyme Enolase.
True.
What condition can result from Pyruvate Kinase deficiency?
Hemolytic anemia due to reduced ATP production in red blood cells.
Glycolysis is described as a tightly regulated pathway with _______ features.
[catabolic and anabolic] features.
Hexokinase/ Glucokinase are induced by what
By glucose availability
List the key regulatory enzymes
Hexokinase/glucokinase
PFK-1
Pyruvate kinase
What is the importance of glycolysis
Universal pathway for energy production and can sustain tissues under oxygen-deficient conditions
How many steps in glycolysis reaction and how many are reversible and irreversible
10 (3 → irreversible, 7 → reversible )
Compare the old and new research of ATP production
