glycolsis

Question 1

Two types of metabolic pathways

Answer 1

Catabolism

anabolism

Question 2

Describe catabolic pathways

Answer 2

Breakdown large molecules into smaller ones
release large amounts of energy
oxidative- release H atoms- reducing power

Question 3

Describe anabolic pathways

Answer 3

Synthesise larger important cellular components from intermediate metabolites
use energy release from catabolism (ATP)
reductive(use hydrogen released in catabolism)

Question 4

What is the universal product which is the end of many catabolic pathways

Answer 4

Acetyl-CoA

Question 5

Saliva contains what enzyme

Answer 5

Amylase breaks down starch into disaccharide’s

Question 6

Pancreas contains what enzymes

Answer 6

amylase breaks down into monosaccharides

Question 7

Small intestine contains what enzymes and what can epithelial cells have

Answer 7

Disaccharidases attached to simple cuboidal microvilli epithelial cells

Question 8

Why is there no significant hydrolysis of cellulose in humans

Answer 8

Has beta 1-4 like glycosidic bond humans do not contain enzymes to hydrolyse

Question 9

In broad terms what kind of bonds are broken in catabolism

Answer 9

Carbon nitrogen
carbon oxygen

No carbon carbon bonds

Question 10

What coenzyme is reduced during glycolysis

Answer 10

NAD+

Question 11

What type of phosphorylation to make ATP happens in glycolysis

Answer 11

Substrate level phosphorlytion

Question 12

All tissues can metabolise glucose but some tissues can only metabolise glucose name some

Answer 12

Red blood cells
neutrophils
innermost cells of kiddie medulla
lens of eye

Question 13

Central nervous system prefers glucose what can I use as an alternative energy source

Answer 13

Ketone bodies in time starvation but night needs time to adjust

Question 14

Three ways lactose intolerance occurs

Answer 14

Primary lactase deficiency
secondary lactase deficiency
congenital lactase deficiency

Question 15

Explain primary lactase deficiency

Answer 15

Absence of lactase persistence allele
highest prevalence in north-west Europe
only occur in adults

Question 16

Secondary lactase deficiency

Answer 16

Caused by injury to small intestine
e.g. Crohn’s, ulcerative colitis
occurs in both infants and adults
generally reversible

Question 17

Congenital lactase deficiency

Answer 17

Extremely rare, autosomal recessive defect in lactase gene cannot digest breastmilk

Question 18

Describe how glucose uptake and from the small intestine through epithelial cells and to capillaries

Answer 18

Active transport intestinal epithelial cells by sodium -dependent glucose transporter one
passive transport via GLUT2 into blood supply
transport by blood supply to target tissues
glucose uptake into target cells via facilitated diffusion using and transport proteins GLUT1-5

Question 19

GLUT2 found

Answer 19

Kidney
liver
pancreas beta cells
small intestine

Question 20

GLUT4 found

Answer 20

Adipose tissue, striated muscle

Question 21

The key regulatory enzyme is

Answer 21

PhosphOfructokinase one

Question 22

What is a committing step of glycolysis

Answer 22

Glucose becoming glucose-6-phosphate via ATP and hexa kinase
makes glucose negatively charged
prevents back passage across plasma membrane
phosphorylation also increases reactivity

Question 23

Which step of glycolysis makes NADH

Answer 23

Step five

Question 24

Where does the energy come to drive the substrate phosphorylation

Answer 24

exogonic reaction release energy

Question 25

What are the three non-reversible steps in glycolysis

Answer 25

1,3 and 10

Question 26

This glucose oxidised or reduced during glycolysis

Answer 26

Oxidised

Question 27

Since carving glucose is broken down into what

Answer 27

Two 3C pyruvate