Energy production:carbohydrate

Question 1

name the 2 important intermediates in glycolysis

Answer 1

glyercol phosphate

2,3 bisphosphoglycerate

Question 2

glycerol phosphate made by what enzyme

Answer 2

glycerol 3 phosphate dehydrogenase uses NADH

Question 3

glycerol phosphate important for

Answer 3

triglyceride and phospholipis biosynthesis

Question 4

what tissue is glycerol phosphate made in

Answer 4

adipose and liver

Question 5

2,3 bisphosphglycerate made from what using what enzyme

Answer 5

1,,3 bisphosphglycerate

enzyme bisphosphoglycerte mutase

Question 6

2,3, bisphosphglycerate function

Answer 6

decrease O2 affinity so easier to dissociate from heamagolbin

Question 7

how do the NAD+ AND NADH levels change in a cell

Answer 7

they are constant , glycolysis will stop when all NAD+Iis converted to NADH

Question 8

How do cells like RBC regenerate NAD+

Answer 8

Use lactate dehydrogenase

RBC have no mitochondria

Question 9

lactate dehydrogenase production

Answer 9

without major activity
strenuous exercise
pathological situations

Question 10

what happens to lactate

Answer 10

released into circulation
oxidised to CO2 in muscles
coverted back to glucose in liver

Question 11

elevations of plasma lactate concentration

Answer 11

1. production
2. utilisation (liver,heart,muscle)
3. disposal (kidney)

hyperlactaemia and lactic acidosis

Question 12

hyperlactaemia

Answer 12

2-5mM
below renal threshold
no change in blood pH

Question 13

lactic acidosis

Answer 13

above 5mM
Above renal threshold
blood pH lowered

Question 14

where does fructose enter glycolysis

Answer 14

glyceraldhyde 3 -p

Question 15

how does galactose enter glycolysis

Answer 15

glucose-1-p

Question 16

3 enzymes where mutations can occur in galactose metabolism

Answer 16

galatokinase
UDP-galactose epimerase
uridyl tranferase

Question 17

lack of what enzyme is common in galactose metabolism

Answer 17

galactokinase

Question 18

lack of what enzymes in galactose metabolism is common

Answer 18

galactose 1 p uridyl transferase

Question 19

what happens when galactose builds up

Answer 19

alternative pathway becomes galatitol which depletes NADPH

Question 20

What is the issue with a lack of NADPH

Answer 20

Means suliphide corss bridges aren’t prevented from forming so get cataracts, treat by removing lactose from diet

Question 21

why is pentose phosphate pathway important

Answer 21

produces NADPH

maintains free SH residues in cells like RBC and also important for producing pentose sugars fro nucleic acids

Question 22

glucose-6-phosphate dehydorgenase

Answer 22

X linked recessive
free SH not maintained in RBC so Hb cross links and forms Heinz bodies
causing premature RBC lysis leading to jaundice