Energy production:carbohydrate Flashcards
name the 2 important intermediates in glycolysis
glyercol phosphate
2,3 bisphosphoglycerate
glycerol phosphate made by what enzyme
glycerol 3 phosphate dehydrogenase uses NADH
glycerol phosphate important for
triglyceride and phospholipis biosynthesis
what tissue is glycerol phosphate made in
adipose and liver
2,3 bisphosphglycerate made from what using what enzyme
1,,3 bisphosphglycerate
enzyme bisphosphoglycerte mutase
2,3, bisphosphglycerate function
decrease O2 affinity so easier to dissociate from heamagolbin
how do the NAD+ AND NADH levels change in a cell
they are constant , glycolysis will stop when all NAD+Iis converted to NADH
How do cells like RBC regenerate NAD+
Use lactate dehydrogenase
RBC have no mitochondria
lactate dehydrogenase production
without major activity
strenuous exercise
pathological situations
what happens to lactate
released into circulation
oxidised to CO2 in muscles
coverted back to glucose in liver
elevations of plasma lactate concentration
- production
- utilisation (liver,heart,muscle)
- disposal (kidney)
hyperlactaemia and lactic acidosis
hyperlactaemia
2-5mM
below renal threshold
no change in blood pH
lactic acidosis
above 5mM
Above renal threshold
blood pH lowered
where does fructose enter glycolysis
glyceraldhyde 3 -p
how does galactose enter glycolysis
glucose-1-p
3 enzymes where mutations can occur in galactose metabolism
galatokinase
UDP-galactose epimerase
uridyl tranferase
lack of what enzyme is common in galactose metabolism
galactokinase
lack of what enzymes in galactose metabolism is common
galactose 1 p uridyl transferase
what happens when galactose builds up
alternative pathway becomes galatitol which depletes NADPH
What is the issue with a lack of NADPH
Means suliphide corss bridges aren’t prevented from forming so get cataracts, treat by removing lactose from diet
why is pentose phosphate pathway important
produces NADPH
maintains free SH residues in cells like RBC and also important for producing pentose sugars fro nucleic acids
glucose-6-phosphate dehydorgenase
X linked recessive
free SH not maintained in RBC so Hb cross links and forms Heinz bodies
causing premature RBC lysis leading to jaundice
