Glucose Flashcards

(32 cards)

1
Q

How much energy does ATP and NADH provide?

A
ATP = 30.5 kj/mol 
NADH = 220 kj/mol
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2
Q

What’s the term for breakdown of energy?

A

catabolism

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3
Q

What does anabolism mean?

A

build up of energy

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4
Q

How efficient is the metabolic cycle?

A

~40%

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5
Q

Does ATP travel as free units?

A

No, they are bound to Mg

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6
Q

What’s the half life of ATP?

A

~1 min

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7
Q

How is NADP+ different to NAD?

A

a hydroxyl group is esterified with phosphate

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8
Q

What is NAD used for?

A

anti-oxidant and high-energy demanding pathways

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9
Q

What is the product of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP and 2 NADH

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10
Q

How many carbons do monosaccharides have?

A

3-7 carbons

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11
Q

How is glucose harmful to the body?

A

it easily reacts with surface proteins, causing problems in the circulation

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12
Q

What happens to blood vessels when they are glycated?

A

they become brittle and prone to clots. Hence diabetics can become blind

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13
Q

At what level of blood glucose will result in glucose detected in urine

A

over 10mM

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14
Q

T/F glycolysis is efficient

A

False, only 2.1% of glucose energy is captured. This is an anaerobic pathway

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15
Q

which substance in the blood can indicate high glucose level in blood?

A

haemoglobin A1C, the glycosylated RBC

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16
Q

Where does glycolysis occur in a cell? What prevents it from leaking out of the cell membrane?

A

in the cytosol. It carries phosphate that has a negative charge to prevent leaking

17
Q

Where can you find these channels?

1) Glut 1
2) Glut 2

A

1) all cells in the body

2) on the liver and pancreas

18
Q

What does Glut 4 respond to?

19
Q

What happens to the cells of a diabetic

A

lack of insulin stimulation to cells, so there is high circulating glucose, but the cells are still starving of energy

20
Q

What is the action of hexokinase?

A

converts glucose to glucose 6-phosphate while consuming one ATP

21
Q

What kind of enzyme is hexokinase?

A

It is a two-domain enzyme. Glucose binding to one site, and ATP to the other

22
Q

Which sugars to Glut 2 take?

A

glucose, fructose and galactose

23
Q

What is the end product of gluconeogenesis and can be used to make glycogen

A

glucose 6-phosphate

24
Q

What is the action of phophohexose isomerase?

A

regroup 6 member ring to a 5 member ring

convert glucose-6-p to fructose 6-p

25
What's the action of phosphofructokinase? When is it active?
initiate the irreversible glycolysis pathway | it is active when there is low [ATP]
26
What is needed in anaerobic metabolism
NAD+
27
why do we produce lactic acid in anaerobic metabolism
to regenerate NAD+
28
Which cells of the body are obligate anaerobes
retina and red cells
29
T/F fatty acids are glucogenic
False, they are ketogenic
30
what is lactose made of?
galactose and glucose
31
what's the reaction converting galactose to glucose?
epimerisation
32
Why is fructose bad for you?
it tends to make fatty acid