Glucose

Question 1

How much energy does ATP and NADH provide?

Answer 1

ATP = 30.5 kj/mol 
NADH = 220 kj/mol

Question 2

What’s the term for breakdown of energy?

Answer 2

catabolism

Question 3

What does anabolism mean?

Answer 3

build up of energy

Question 4

How efficient is the metabolic cycle?

Answer 4

~40%

Question 5

Does ATP travel as free units?

Answer 5

No, they are bound to Mg

Question 6

What’s the half life of ATP?

Answer 6

~1 min

Question 7

How is NADP+ different to NAD?

Answer 7

a hydroxyl group is esterified with phosphate

Question 8

What is NAD used for?

Answer 8

anti-oxidant and high-energy demanding pathways

Question 9

What is the product of glycolysis?

Answer 9

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP and 2 NADH

Question 10

How many carbons do monosaccharides have?

Answer 10

3-7 carbons

Question 11

How is glucose harmful to the body?

Answer 11

it easily reacts with surface proteins, causing problems in the circulation

Question 12

What happens to blood vessels when they are glycated?

Answer 12

they become brittle and prone to clots. Hence diabetics can become blind

Question 13

At what level of blood glucose will result in glucose detected in urine

Answer 13

over 10mM

Question 14

T/F glycolysis is efficient

Answer 14

False, only 2.1% of glucose energy is captured. This is an anaerobic pathway

Question 15

which substance in the blood can indicate high glucose level in blood?

Answer 15

haemoglobin A1C, the glycosylated RBC

Question 16

Where does glycolysis occur in a cell? What prevents it from leaking out of the cell membrane?

Answer 16

in the cytosol. It carries phosphate that has a negative charge to prevent leaking

Question 17

Where can you find these channels?

1) Glut 1
2) Glut 2

Answer 17

1) all cells in the body

2) on the liver and pancreas

Question 18

What does Glut 4 respond to?

Answer 18

insulin

Question 19

What happens to the cells of a diabetic

Answer 19

lack of insulin stimulation to cells, so there is high circulating glucose, but the cells are still starving of energy

Question 20

What is the action of hexokinase?

Answer 20

converts glucose to glucose 6-phosphate while consuming one ATP

Question 21

What kind of enzyme is hexokinase?

Answer 21

It is a two-domain enzyme. Glucose binding to one site, and ATP to the other

Question 22

Which sugars to Glut 2 take?

Answer 22

glucose, fructose and galactose

Question 23

What is the end product of gluconeogenesis and can be used to make glycogen

Answer 23

glucose 6-phosphate

Question 24

What is the action of phophohexose isomerase?

Answer 24

regroup 6 member ring to a 5 member ring

convert glucose-6-p to fructose 6-p

Question 25

What’s the action of phosphofructokinase? When is it active?

Answer 25

initiate the irreversible glycolysis pathway

it is active when there is low [ATP]

Question 26

What is needed in anaerobic metabolism

Answer 26

NAD+

Question 27

why do we produce lactic acid in anaerobic metabolism

Answer 27

to regenerate NAD+

Question 28

Which cells of the body are obligate anaerobes

Answer 28

retina and red cells

Question 29

T/F fatty acids are glucogenic

Answer 29

False, they are ketogenic

Question 30

what is lactose made of?

Answer 30

galactose and glucose

Question 31

what’s the reaction converting galactose to glucose?

Answer 31

epimerisation

Question 32

Why is fructose bad for you?

Answer 32

it tends to make fatty acid