Glossary

Question 1

Affect

Answer 1

Outwardly manifested emotional range

Question 2

Affect - blunted

Answer 2

A severe reduction in emotional expression

Question 3

Affect - Flat

Answer 3

No signs of affective expression.

Monotone voice, immobile facial features.

Question 4

Affect - normal

Answer 4

There is a variation in tone of voice, facial movements, use of hands and body language.

Question 5

Affect - restricted

Answer 5

A reduction in the range of intensity and emotional expression.

Question 6

Akathesia

Answer 6

A movement disorder characterised by a feeling of inner restlessness and a compelling need to be in constant motion.

E.g - rocking whilst standing or sitting, lifting feet as in marching on the spot, crossing and uncrossing the legs while sitting.

EPSE (extrapyramidal side effects) from certain antipsychotic medications

Question 7

Ambivalence

Answer 7

The state of having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about someone or something.

Question 8

Anhedonia

Answer 8

Lack of enjoyment or inability to feel pleasure in everyday pleasurable activities

Question 9

Apraxia

Answer 9

Loss of motor function or the inability to perform particular purposive actions.

As a result of brain damage.

Question 10

Avolition

Answer 10

Lack of motivation.
Decrease in the motivation to initiate and perform self-directed purposeful activities.

As a symptom of various forms of psychopathology.

Question 11

Circumstantiality

Answer 11

Unnecessary detail in speech.

Is the result of “non-linear thought pattern “ and occurs when the focus of conversation drifts, but often comes back to the point.

Question 12

Clang associations (clanging)

Answer 12

Rhyming words or sounds.

Refers to a mode of speech characterised by association of words based upon sound rather than concepts or logical reasoning to be grouped together.

Question 13

Compulsions

Answer 13

Ritualistic behaviours that a person feels an irresistible urge to perform.

Question 14

Confabulation

Answer 14

To fill in gaps of memory by making things up.

Defined as the production of fabricated, distorted, or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world, without the conscious intention to deceive.

Question 15

Delirium

Answer 15

A cognitive disorder characterised by an acute disruption of brain homeostasis.

Rapid onset.

Characterised by confusion, disorderly speech, and hallucinations.

Resolves within a few days or sometimes weeks.

Question 16

Delusion(s)

Answer 16

False, fixed belief not grounded in reality of the persons or cultural background.

Question 17

Depersonalisation

Answer 17

Seen in dissociative disorders.
The person feels they are outside their mind or body, like an observer.

Ones thoughts and feeling are unreal and not belonging to themselves.

Question 18

Derealisation

Answer 18

The external world appears different and unfamiliar.

Can be associated with extreme stress/anxiety/fatigue.

Question 19

Dystonia

Answer 19

Involuntary muscular movements of the face, arms, legs, and neck.

Spasms, abnormal posture.

Typically due to neurological disease or a side effect of drug therapy.

Question 20

Echopraxia

Answer 20

Attempting to identify with a person by imitating their movements.

Meaningless repetition or imitation of the movements of others as a symptom of psychiatric disorder.

Question 21

Euthymia

Answer 21

Normal, tranquil mental state or specifically mood.

Question 22

Hallucination

Answer 22

A false sensory perception.

It can affect any of the five senses.

Question 23

Hyperactivity

Answer 23

The state or condition of being excessively or pathologically active.

Question 24

Hypnagogic hallucinations

Answer 24

A vivid dreamlike hallucination that occurs as one is falling asleep.

Hypnagogic relates to the state immediately before falling asleep.

Question 25

Hypnopompic hallucination

Answer 25

A vivid dreamlike hallucination that occurs as one is waking up.

Hypnopompic relates to the state immediately preceding waking up.

Question 26

Hypomania

Answer 26

A mild form of mania, marked by elation and hyperactivity.

Activity and thought speed up, there is less need to sleep, mood is high, with a sense of well being but there is often irritation and intolerance towards other people.

Ideas flow quickly and thought processes are relatively intact.

Person feels well and in control- but Amy not see the consequences of their behaviour and may react with anger if confronted.

May refuse medication or suggestions to seek help.

Perception and creativity is heightened.
Libido often increases and the person may form sexual relationships without considering the consequences.

Question 27

Lability

Answer 27

Fluctuating mood.

Something that is constantly undergoing or likely to undergo change.

Question 28

Least restrictive alternative

Answer 28

The care option that is the least restrictive to the patient.

Question 29

Limit setting

Answer 29

Explaining to the client what is acceptable and what is unacceptable. Informing the patient of the consequences of behaviours.

Question 30

Mania - acute

Answer 30

If hypomania is not treated, lack of sleep and high levels of activity may lead to acute mania where thinking is disjointed and distorted.

Uncomprehending speed of speech and thought process.
Hallucination and delusional.
Risky behaviour and excessive spending due to increased optimism.

Question 31

Mania - delirious

Answer 31

The person appears confused and bewildered, appears very disturbed.

This stage often follows some days or weeks of not eating or sleeping, so symptoms maybe caused by lack of nutrition or physical exhaustion.

Without treatment people can, and do die in this stage of manic illness.

Often mistakenly diagnosed as a schizophrenic disorder.

Question 32

Mental health & mental illness continuum

Answer 32

Health exists on a continuum with illness, which is defined as the the individual’s inability to use normal adaptive responses to meet human needs.

Illness interferes with the ability to function as an individual and limits ones contribution to society.

Death is the endpoint of the health-illness continuum, and is defined as the cessation of life processes.

Question 33

Mood

Answer 33

Pervasive, sustained emotional tone that influences behaviour, cognition and thoughts.

Question 34

Neologisms

Answer 34

The coining or use of new words.

New words invented by a patient with a psychosis that have no meaning for other people.

Question 35

Perseveration

Answer 35

Persistent repetition of the same word, phrase, or gesture in response to different questions. Regardless of the absence or cessation of a stimulus.

It is usually caused by a brain injury or other organic disorder.

Question 36

Pressured speech

Answer 36

Accelerate or frenetic pace of speech which conveys urgency seemingly inappropriate to the situation.

Often difficult for listeners to interrupt and the speech may be to rapid to understand.

Question 37

Psychomotor retardation

Answer 37

Decreased motor activity.

Slowing down of thought and a reduction in physical movements.

Question 38

Tangentially

Answer 38

The inability to get to the point of the story.

The person introduces many unrelated topics until the original topic is lost.

Question 39

Volition

Answer 39

An act of making a choice or decision based on one’s will ;motivation.

Question 40

Word salad

Answer 40

A group of words, and or phrases put together randomly with no contextual meaning.

A form of speech indicative of advanced schizophrenia.